《2025年天利38套五年高考真题汇编详解英语》

C
Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be.
The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing ‘theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.
One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios(情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the “unwilling” scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a “teasing(戏耍的)” manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through.
The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently.
Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the “unable” scenario than in the “unwilling” scenario.
However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy(笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives.
Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research.

46. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2?
A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”.
B. Dogs prefer food from generous people.
C. Human behaviours are mostly intentional.
D. Friendly animals can get food more easily.

47. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study?
A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog.
B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog.
C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen.
D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach.

48. How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour?
A. By moving closer to the experimenter.
B. By keeping wandering around.
C. By ignoring the experimenter.
D. By lying still on the floor.

49. How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023?
A. The dogs can watch the experimenter.
B. The dogs can go to the other side of the screen.
C. The dogs’ responses are under close observation.
D. The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis.

50. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest?
A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean”.
B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving.
C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified.
D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals.

答案： 46.A 细节理解题 [定位句]The ability to judge others' intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.（第二段）
译文：判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一项指标，这种能力曾被认为是人类独有的。然而，新研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。
[解析]根据定位句可知，新研究发现，狗也具有“心智理论”。故选A。
47.D 细节理解题 [定位句]In the “unwilling” scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a “teasing(戏耍的)” manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.（第三段第四、五句）
译文：在“不情愿的”场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在屏幕前悬挂一块香肠，并靠近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不到的地方。
[解析]根据定位句可知，在2023年的研究中，实验人员在“不情愿的”场景中把香肠拉到了狗够不到的地方。故选D。
48.A 细节理解题 [定位句]The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.（第四段第一句）
译文：研究人员观察到，在“不能的”场景出现后，狗更有耐心，眼神交流更多，离屏幕更近。
[解析]根据定位句可知，对于“不能的”行为，狗会向实验人员靠近。故选A。
49.B 细节理解题 [解析]根据第三段内容可知，2023年的实验设计了“不情愿的”和“不能的”两种场景，狗在“不能的”场景下会离屏幕更近；根据第五段内容可知，在2021年的研究中，狗在目睹了实验人员的“不情愿的”或“不能的”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。由此可知，与2023年的研究不同的是，2021年的研究的实验设计是狗可以走到屏幕的另一侧。故选B。
50.A 推理判断题 [定位句]The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently.（第四段）
译文：研究人员观察到，在“不能的”场景出现后，狗更有耐心，眼神交流更多，离屏幕更近。然而，在“不情愿的”场景下，狗看实验人员的次数减少了，它们坐下、躺下、四处走动的次数增加了。
[解析]根据定位句可知，在“不能的”场景下，狗会进行更多眼神交流，并离屏幕更近；在“不情愿的”场景下，狗会减少对实验人员的关注。由此可推知，在不同场景下的不同反应表明，狗能分辨出“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A。