《2025年小题狂做高中英语选择性必修第四册译林版》

B
[江苏连云港灌云联考]It’s a classic complaint in relationships, especially romantic ones: “She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday! Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen? Are the two things related?”
The answer is YES. Communication is more than words. It’s how those words are said, the tone, the order, even the choice of a particular word. It’s multi-dimensional, as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in Meaning and Relevance. Consider the following example: Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry. Though identical in words, their meanings differ completely. The first one may have us thinking: Wow, Peter must get angry often if Mary leaves. The second sentence suggests that Peter wants more from Mary. Same words—a totally different context.
Human language is not a code(编码). True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning. One sound, one definition. This is what we see with animals. Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitter(发出者) and receiver share exactly the same code.” Not so for humans. We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken.
Irony(反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words. It is more than just stating the opposite. For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two unique abilities of humans: language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others. We look for context for the words we hear. And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
(A) 1. What does the complaint in Paragraph 1 mainly indicate?
A. The inconsistency between words and meaning.
B. The importance of remembering vital moments.
C. The necessity of straightforward communication.
D. The unavoidability of argument in a couple’s life.
(A) 2. What may make human language different from true codes?
A. The context included in understanding meanings.
B. The definitions made by words in communication.
C. The coded communication between emitter and receiver.
D. The one-to-one relationship between word and meaning.
(D) 3. How does Mary’s statement “That was fun” illustrate about irony?
A. It simplifies language to save time.
B. It covers the true feelings of people.
C. It needs wordy explanations to make sense.
D. It uses fewer words for complex meanings.
(C) 4. What does the author suggest in communication?
A. Focusing on the opposite.
B. Taking language literally.
C. Reading beyond the words.
D. Avoiding using ironic tones.

答案： B
[语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了理解语境在人类语言交流中的重要性。
1.A 推理判断题
[解析]第一段以情侣间的经典抱怨为例:女方嘴上说“不介意对方忘记自己的生日”，却通过摔盘子的行为表露不满。这种言语与行为之间的强烈反差体现了话语的表面意思和真实意图之间存在差异，也就是话语与意思的不一致性。故选A项。
[干扰项辨析]根据下文可知，作者以情侣间的经典抱怨为例，目的是引出下文对理解语境在交流中的重要性的探讨，即强调人们需透过话语表面去理解其深层含义，而非强调直接沟通的重要性，故排除C项。
2.A 细节理解题
[关键句1]True codes have a one - to - one relationship with meaning.
释义:真正的编码与其所代表的意义之间存在着一一对应的关系。
[关键句2]We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken.
释义:我们的交流远不止词汇定义所暗示的那样。这是一种推断性的交流方式，这意味着我们不仅能理解所讲出的词语本身，还能理解这些词语所处的语境。
[解析]根据两个关键句可知，真正的编码与意思之间存在一一对应的关系，而人类在交流时传达的内容超出了词汇本身定义所表达的含义，人类不仅要理解词汇本身含义，还要理解话语所处的语境。由此可知，在理解含义时涉及的语境可能使人类语言有别于真正的编码。故选A项。
3.D 推理判断题
[关键句1]For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is expressing an emotion.
释义:例如，当Mary在参加完一场无聊的聚会后说“那还挺有趣的”时，她既不是在字面上说这场聚会很有趣，也不是在“反讽地”说这场聚会很无聊。相反，她是在表达一种情感。
[关键句2]Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.
释义:三个词便能替代整段文字，彰显了语言的简洁与高效。
[解析]关键句1以Mary在无聊的聚会后说出“That was fun”为例，指出此处的三个单词并非字面意义，也不是讽刺聚会很无聊，而是以反语的形式表达情感。再根据关键句2可知，这三个词替代了冗长的描述，展示了语言的效率。由此可推知，反语用更少的词表达了复杂的意思。故选D项。
4.C 推理判断题
[关键句]We look for context for the words we hear. And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
释义:我们寻找我们听到的话语的语境，并且我们应该非常善于理解这个语境，从而推断出话语表达的意思。
[解析]根据关键句可推知，作者暗示人们在沟通时不能仅停留在理解词汇表面的意思，而应超越字面意思，结合语境理解其深层含义（Reading beyond the words）。故选C项。
[重点词积累]
multi - dimensional adj. 多维的 inferential adj. 推理的
identical adj. 完全相同的 efficiency n. 效率
interpret v. 领会
[长难句解读]
This is inferential communication, and it means by and连接的两个主句 that we understand not only the words spoken, but the 宾语从句 context in which they are spoken.
定语从句
释义:这是一种推断性的交流方式，这意味着我们不仅能理解所讲出的词语本身，还能理解这些词语所处的语境。
分析:本句是由and连接的两个并列句，第二个并列句中含有that引导的宾语从句，作动词means的宾语，从句中含有并列连词not only... but (also)...连接的并列结构作动词understand的宾语；in which引导定语从句修饰先行词the context。