《2025年通成学典课时作业本高中英语选择性必修第一册人教版》

一、阅读理解
（2025·江苏省盐城市七校联考）Born in Potsdam (in the Kingdom of Prussia) in 1821, Helmholtz was one of the 19th century's most knowledgeable scientists, whose name turns up in the histories of multiple scientific fields and specialties. As a youngster, he had an interest in physics, but that seemed a financially unwise career choice. He went to medical school and studied physiology instead, because he was drawn by others who promoted the point that physiology should be based on the principles of chemistry and physics, not the vital forces that had been popularly emphasized previously.
After earning his medical degree, Helmholtz served as an army surgeon before becoming professor of physiology at the University of Königsberg. During that time, he composed a groundbreaking paper on the conservation of energy, which won him a good reputation in the science community. His main argument is that all science can be reduced to mechanics. It is emphasized that Newtonian mechanics and Lagrangian mechanics are mathematically equivalent, so a force can be measured by the Laplace method in terms of the energy transferred by the force or the work done by the force. All of this energy is conserved. While at Königsberg, he studied the nervous system, optics(光学) and acoustics (声学), especially with regard to the physiology of the senses. Then he moved on to the University of Bonn as professor of anatomy(解剖学) and physiology.
After some time at the University of Heidelberg, where he became interested in philosophy, in 1871 he was awarded the physics chair at the University of Berlin. At last he could focus on physics, emphasizing the importance of the principle of least action for explaining physical phenomena. He also explored the branches of Maxwell's new theory. By this time, he was recognized as one of Germany's premier scientists, until his death in 1894.
1. Why did Helmholtz choose to study physiology?
A. He made the choice for economic difficulty.
B. He would like to make himself have more skills.
C. He preferred physiology to chemistry and physics.
D. He was attracted by a different viewpoint.
2. What made Helmholtz popular among scientists?
A. His degree in medical science.
B. His talent for chemistry and physics.
C. His paper on the conservation of energy.
D. His achievements as an army surgeon.
3. What can be inferred about Helmholtz from the last paragraph?
A. He was a famous philosopher.
B. He proved Maxwell's new theory.
C. He was a physics professor at Königsberg.
D. He devoted his rest life to physical research.
4. Which words can best describe Helmholtz?
A. All - round and determined.
B. Energetic and cautious.
C. Knowledgeable and brave.
D. Humorous and courageous.

答案： 一、[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了科学家Helmholtz的生平事迹。
1. D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“He went to medical school and studied physiology instead ... previously.”可知，Helmholtz选择生理学专业的原因是他被不同于以前的观点所吸引。
2. C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“During that time ... in the science community.”可知，Helmholtz关于能量守恒的论文使他在科学界很受欢迎。
3. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“At last he could focus on physics ... physical phenomena.”可推知，Helmholtz把他的余生献给了物理研究。
4. A 推理判断题。通读全文可知，Helmholtz在多个领域都颇有建树，因此他是全能的;从Helmholtz从小对物理学感兴趣到从1871年往后一直研究物理学可推知，他是有决心的。