《2025年金版教程高中新课程创新导学案高中英语选择性必修第三册人教版》

A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition$^{[1]}$.As$^{[2]}$ there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossibleto describe them all in a short text$^{[3]}$. Perhaps the best way tounderstand Western art$^{[4]}$ is to look at the development of Westernpainting$^{[5]}$ over the centuries.
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个明确的定义。由于西方艺术风格多种多样，不可能在一篇短文中描述全部。也许，了解西方艺术的最好方法就是回顾若干个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
The Middle Ages ( from the 5th to the 15th century)
中世纪时期( 5 - 15 世纪)
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was toteach people about Christianity$^{[6]}$. Thus, artists were not interested inpainting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive andtwo-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger thaneveryone else to show their importance$^{[7]}$. This began to change$^{[8]}$ in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone ( 1267 - 1337). While$^{[9]}$ his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
中世纪时期，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家们对描绘真实场景并无兴趣，他们的作品往往是原始的、二维的，主角也通常被塑造得比其他人高大许多，以显示其重要性。13 世纪乔托·迪·邦多纳( 1267 年 - 1337 年) 的出现改变了这一现象。尽管他的绘画仍是宗教主题，但展示了真实环境中的真实人物。他的绘画尤其以逼真的人脸和强烈的情感冲击而与众不同。
The Renaissance ( from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期( 14 - 17 世纪)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result$^{[10]}$, painters concentrated less on religious themes.They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life$^{[11]}$. An importantbreakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio ( 1401 - 1428 ). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 - 1519), Michelangelo ( 1475 - 1564), and Raphael ( 1483 - 1520), built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art$^{[12]}$ that$^{[13]}$ Europe had ever seen.
新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪时期旧的思想和价值观。因此，画家们较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取一种更为人性化的态度。这一时期的一项重大突破是马萨乔( 1401 年 - 1428 年) 对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇( 1452 年 - 1519 年)、米开朗琪罗( 1475 年 - 1564 年) 和拉斐尔( 1483 年 - 1520 年)，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deepcolours and realism$^{[14]}$, some of the best oil paintings look likephotographs. While$^{[15]}$ painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, thistechnique reached its height with Rembrandt ( 1606 - 1669), who$^{[16]}$ gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
另一大创新是油性颜料的使用。凭借其浓重的色彩和写实主义，一些最好的油画作品看上去与照片相似。尽管早在达·芬奇时代，一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗( 1606 年 - 1669 年) 使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religiousthemes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology$^{[17]}$. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that$^{[18]}$ were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材方面，重心日益从宗教主题转向我们身边的人与世界。国王、贵族和地位显赫的人都想买自己及其所爱之人的精确画像，而其他人想要的则是展示重大历史事件或神话故事的绘画。最后，大多数顾客想要的是漂亮、有趣的绘画。
Impressionism ( late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期( 19 世纪末 - 20 世纪初)
The development of Western art slowed until the inventionof photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were nolonger needed to preserve what$^{[19]}$ people and the world looked like.Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. Fromthis, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet ( 1840 - 1926) called Impression, Sunrise$^{[20]}$. In this work, Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement$^{[21]}$ in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him$^{[22]}$—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
在 19 世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术发展缓慢。摄影术发明之后，绘画不再需要保留人与世界的模样。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。于是，印象主义在法国应运而生。这项新运动的名称源自克劳德·莫奈( 1840 年 - 1926 年) 名为《日出·印象》的绘画作品。在这幅作品里，莫奈的目的是传递场景中的光与运动——即场景给予他的主观印象，而非对场景本身的一种具体记录。
While$^{[23]}$ many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life,others, such as Renoir ( 1841 - 1919), focused on people. Unlike thecold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir’s paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well$^{[24]}$.
虽然许多印象派画家描绘的是大自然或日常生活中的场景，但是雷诺阿( 1841 年 - 1919 年) 等其他画家却侧重于人物。与那一时期冷色调的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的绘画饱含光影、色彩和生活元素。他力求既展示主题人物的外在形象，又展示其内在的温暖和人性。
Modern Art ( from the 20th century to today)
现代艺术时期( 20 世纪至今)
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next?” Painters such as Picasso ( 1881 - 1973) tried to analyse the shapes which$^{[25]}$ existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What$^{[26]}$ they attempted to do wasno longer show reality$^{[27]}$, but instead to ask the question, “What is art?”
在印象主义之后，后代的艺术家们开始发问:“接下来我们应该做什么？”毕加索( 1881 年 - 1973 年) 等画家试图分析自然世界中存在的形状，但是以一种新的方式——立体主义。其他画家赋予自己的绘画一种写实却又梦幻般的品质。还有一些画家则转向抽象艺术。他们所做的尝试不再是展示现实，而是提出这一问题:“艺术是什么？”

答案： ①真正的主语 ②原因状语 ③真正的主语 ④后置定语 ⑤表语 ⑥表语 ⑦目的状语 ⑧宾语 ⑨让步状语 ⑩状语 ⑪宾语 ⑫状语 ⑬定语 art ⑭状语 ⑮让步状语 ⑯非限制性定语 ⑰后置定语 ⑱定语 ⑲宾语 ⑳后置定语 ㉑表语 ㉒that/which ㉓让步状语 ㉔宾语 ㉕定语 ㉖主语 ㉗表语