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科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit10.doc
标题 At the Tailor's Shop (在裁店缝)
章节 第十单元
关键词 高二英语第十单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
■ 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Advice And Suggestions (劝告和建议)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套语
1. There seems to be something wrong with it . I can't possibly wear it . 这好象有点毛病，我不能穿了。
2. I would like you to change this for a new one . 我很想让你把这个给我换个新的。
3. You sold me so old a bike that I can't use it . I insist that you give me my money back . 你买给了我如此破旧的自行车，我就不能用。我要求你退我款。
4. It's not our fault . I'm afraid I can't do that . Why can't you do something about it ? 这不是我的错，恐怕我作不了主，你能不能灵活点 ？
5. Could you give me some advice on English study ? 我想征求一下关于学习英语的建议。
6. I 'd like your advice about / on this plan .
7. What do you think I should do ?
8. You'd better not trouble him . 你最好不要麻烦他。
9. Let's help him with the luggage .
10. Why not ask him to go with us ?
11. How / What about seeing a film ? 去看电影怎么样 ？
12. I strongly advise you to keep your promise .
13. I'm afraid I can't follow your advice .
14. That's impossible , but thank you all the same . 这不可能，但还是要谢谢你的。
15. Why don't you put off the meeting till next week ? 你为何不把会议推迟到下周 ？
● Model Dialogues 交际示范
A
A：Hello . You look tired today . What happened ?
B：I went to bed too late . I was reading a novel and forgot the time .
A：Really ? You need a rest tonight .
B：Yes , I think so .
A：You'd better go to bed earlier if you can .
B：Yes , you're right .
B
A：I've lost my ruler . Have you seen it anywhere ?
B：Sorry , I haven't . You'd better try your desk .
A：Yes , I did , but I didn't find it .
B：Why don't you ask Jim ? He was using a ruler just now .
A：Thanks . I'll go and ask him .
■ 单元核心句型结构
1. It looks / seems as if … 看起来好象 ……
It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起来天要下雨。
测试要点：as if = as though 后 接虚拟语气。如：
He talks as if he had been there many times . 他谈话的样子好象是他已经去过那里好多次了。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water , it looks as if it were broken . 当一支铅笔部分放入一杯水中，它看起来就像是断了似的。
2. I insist (that) …
测试要点：
我认为应该……（宾语从句用虚拟）；
I insist he ( should ) write a letter of thanks to the school . 我坚持认为他应该向学校写个感谢信。
我坚持说……（宾语从句不用虚拟）。
He insisted that he didn't steal the money . 他坚持说他没有偷那笔钱。
3. I should like / would like sb to do sth 很乐意让某人干……
I should like you go shopping this weekend . 我倒很想让你周末去买东西。
测试要点：
should like /love + to do 与简略回答。如：
－ Would you like to go swimming this Sunday ?
－ I'd like / love to .
（用 to 代替 go swimming ）
should like / love sb to 很想让某人去干 ……
We'd like our teacher to point out and correct our mistakes in our exercises . 我们很想让老师指出并改正我们作业中的错误。
should like / love + to be + done 喜欢被……
Little Jim would like to be taken to Beijing next Christmas .
4. Why don't you do … ? = Why not do … ? 为何不…… ？
Why don't you (= Why not ) have a look at the other blouses ? 为何不挑选一下别的衬衫 ？
■ 单元误点警示
单元词组 take place 透射出的隐型被动
在第 38 课中的词组 take place (发生)属“隐形被动”范畴 ，不用被动语态的形式。中学英语教材中还有一些不用“be/get + 过去分词”的结构，其具体表现形式如下：
◆ 有些词(组)常用主动形式表达被动意义 (break out ，take place ，belong to ，shut off ，turn off ，work out制定 ，add up to , run out 用完 ，give out耗尽 ，等) 如：
The lights on the wall turned off .
The incident took place in Dec.1936 .
◆ 动词不定式作定语，一方面与所修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系， 另一方面又与句子的主 语有逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动式代表被表式。如：
Do you have any letters to post ? (对比：Manager wang , I'll go to the post office . Do you have any letters to be posted) ?
◆ 某些表示感觉、状态或特征的连系动词(look, sound, taste, smell, feel, become, appear, prove, turn out等)的主动形式常表被动意义。如：
－ Do you like the material ?
－ Yes , it ____ very soft . (NMET 94)
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt [ 答案：C ]
His theory proved correct .
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .
◆ 有些动词由“vt”变成的“vi”时， 常用主动形式与方式状语连用表被动意义，这类动词的主语常是物，该类常用动词有：sell , lock , fill , dry , run , open , cut , read, wear , write , translate , wash , shut , blow , digest , begin 等。如：
The door blew open . The book sells well .
This cloth wears long . The story won't translate well .
The food won't digest . The suitcase won't lock easily .
◆ 表“需要”的动词 (need , want , require , deserve , bear , demand) 后用动名词的主动形式，或不定式的被动式表被动；在 be worth 后只接动名词的主动形式表被动。如：
－ What do you think of the book ?
－ Oh , excellent. It's worth _____ a second time . (MET89)
A. to read B. to the read
C. reading D. being read [答案：C]
Your coat demands (requires , needs , wants) washing . (washing = to be washed)
He certainly deserves sending (= to be sent) to prison .
This telephone directory is well worth buying .
◆ 一些介词加上具有动作意义的名词，常可表被动意义。如：
Several new railways are under _____ (建议 ) in China . (NMET96) [ 答案：construction]
常考的此类介词短语有：on show＝on exhibition , on sale , on fire , out of sight , in sight , under discussion , in the charge of , in the possession of , without help , without permission , under arrest , under repair , under consideration , under development 等。
◆ 有些以-able ，-ible 结尾的形容词 ( visible 可见的， invisible 无形的，breakable 的， drinkable 可饮用的 readable 可读的， acceptable 可接受的，respectable可尊敬的，countable 可数的，sensible可觉察的，等) 如：
The water in this well is drinkable(=fit to drink) . (19) Many things are invisible to us .
◆ 由过去分词转化而来的形容词 (pleased , interested , satisfied , frightened , worried, dressed , surprised , wounded , broken) 仍含有被动意义。如：
The girls are always dressed well .
The boy cried , with a glass broken .
◆ 使役动词 have/get＋宾语＋过去分词 ，表示该分词的动作由别人来完成。如：
－Good morning. Can I help you ?
－I'd like to have this package ____ , Madame . (MET89)
A. be weighed B. to be weighed
C. to weigh D. weighed [答案：D]
I'll get my hair cut on Sunday .
◆ 有些名词以 -ee
结尾含被动意义 (以-er , -or 结尾却含主动意义) 。如：
trainee受训者(trainer训练员)，employe(e)雇员(employor雇主)，addressee收件人
(addresser, addressor发件人) ，rejectee被弃者 (rejecter抛弃者) 等。
◆ 当不定式在作表语(或宾补)的形容词(heavy , light , interesting , pleasant , simple, comfortable, dangerous , strong , big , small , sweet , smooth , nice , fit , important , impossible , necessary , good , easy, hard , difficult 等) 后面作状语， 且不定式与句中主语 (或宾语)在逻辑上有动宾关系时，常用主动形式表被动含义。如：
The chair looks rather hard , but in fact, it is very comfortable to _____ . (MET88)
A. sit B. sit on
C. be sat D. be sat on [答案：B]
They found the article hard to understand .
(注意：当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时需补上适当的介词。又如：This river is dangerous to swim in)
◆ 动词happen , last持续 ，let出租 ，blame责备 ，seek寻求 ， 等用主动形式表达被动意义。如：
It is I who am to blame .
This house is to let . 此房出租。
◆ 有些动词 (look , bake , burn , print…)的进行时态表被动意义。如：
Bread is baking .
The fish is cooking .
【指点迷津】
■ 单元重点新词透视
1. run ( ran , run ) 作不及物动词意思是“颜色退色”。褪
Will the colours run if the dress is washed ? 这衣服洗起来会不会掉颜色 ？
The red on his face ran . 他脸上的红润不见了。
Some colours run quickly in the sun . 有些颜色在阳光下很快就褪色了。
〖测试要点〗
run forward 向前跑去。run first 跑了第一。run a temperature 发烧。run a factory 办工厂。run into 跑进，偶然遇到。sth + run out = become used up (主语常是时间、食物、金钱) 用完了 。sb + run out of + sth 用完了。例如：
His money soon ran out . 他的钱很快就用完了。
He is always running out of money before payday . 他老是发工资的日子还没有到就把钱给花完了。
Last Sunday he ran into his old friend in the street . 上星期天他在街上遇到他的老朋友。
2. foolish 愚蠢的，傻的，卤莽的，可笑的，荒谬的
It's foolish of me to do so . 我这样做真蠢。
That's a foolish action . 那是各愚蠢的行为。
You look foolish in that dress .
It was foolish of her to act that way . = How foolish of her to act that way . 她那样做该有多笨啊 ！
〖测试要点〗
辨析 foolish （愚蠢）, stupid （笨）, silly（傻）
foolish 强调缺乏智力、智慧或者判断力，像愚人似的做出不合常理的事来。
I think it's foolish of her to let pass such a fine opportunity to go abroad . 我认为她放弃这样一个出国的好机会是十分愚蠢的。
stupid 常用于生气和责骂时，用于人的性格时指智力或反应迟钝。
What a stupid boy he is ! 他是个多么笨的孩子啊 ！
You are not stupid , just lazy ! 你不笨，就是懒 ！
He is stupid in learning maths . 他学数学很笨。
silly 指智力低能，所做所为太无见识，因而常招致讥笑，含“聪明一世，糊涂一时”。
I felt silly because I didn't know what to say . 我觉得很傻，因为我不知道说什么好。
Don't ask such silly questions ! 别再问这样傻的问题了。
3. insist vt.& vi. 坚持；坚决认为；坚决要求
He insisted that I was wrong . 他坚持认为我错了。
〖测试要点〗
(1) insist on + doing 坚持做
She insisted on going to Beijing herself . 她坚持自己去北京。
Mother insisted on our going to Dalian by train . 母亲坚持要我们乘火车去大连。
(2) insist 后不接不定式，接宾语从句。表示坚持认为应该作某事时用可以省略 should 的虚拟语气；表示坚持说明自己的看法时不用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he wasn't a thief .
He insisted that I (should) finish this job alone .
He insists that he has done right . 他坚信自己做对了。
(3) insist on 主要是“坚持”意见、看法、主张。stick to 常指“坚持”原则、计划、决定，含有继续干或者接着干之意。
He insisted on this point . 他坚持这一点。
He insisted on knowing the fact . 他坚决要知道事实的真相。
But Einstein stuck to his theory and went on with his research .
We must stick to our plan .
Lao Chen always sticks to his promise .
4. depend 依赖，依靠，信赖，相信
〖测试要点〗
(1) depend on / upon 依靠 ，信赖（不用被动语态，但在否定句中常用不定式的被动式）
He is a man to depend on .
He isn't a man to be depended on .
China doesn't depend on foreign countries .
Whether we will hold the sports meet depends on the weather .
You can depend on this newspaper .
You may depend on it that he will want to come .
Whether we can go for a picnic depends on our money .
(2) depend on sb for sth ; depend on sb to do sth
He depends on his neighbour for help .
All living things depend on the sun for their growth . 万物生长靠太阳。
(3) depend on / upon it 毫无疑问，没错
Depend on it , we will win this match .
(4) It （all） depends (on) + 从句“要看……而定”
It depends on whether you want to do it or not .
It depends what you think of it .
5. choice 选择，抉择
When you make friends , make a careful choice .
〖测试要点〗
have no choice but / except to do 只有干……
He had no choice but to sing a song for us .
■ 单元重点词组扫瞄
Lesson 37
1. There seems to be something wrong with … 好象……有毛病
There seems to be something wrong with my radio .
2. or else 要不然，否则
Hurry up , or else you'll be late for this important meeting .
He must be drunk , or else he is mad .
3. follow the instructions 按照说明进行
It looks as if it hasn't been washed following the instructions . 好象没有按照衣服的说明要求去洗。
4. the fault of ……的过错
That is not the fault of our company .
5. give back 退还，归还
You must give back the book to him by tomorrow .
I hope you will give my money back next week .
Will you please give the ruler back to Tom ? = Will you please give Tom back the ruler ?
6. do something about 对……采取措施
Why don't you do something about the rubbish in front of your school ?
7. change A for B 用A交换B；换乘……车
I'd like to change this dress for one in a larger size .
You have to take No. 101 at first and then change for the bus No. 101 .
8. in the sun 在阳光下
They stood in the winter sun , talking .
It's bad for you to read in the sun .
Lesson 38
1. take place 发生，出现，举行
This dialogue takes place at a tailor's shop .
When and where did the accident take place ?
It took place on a rainy morning last week .
Great changes have taken place here since 1978 .
The dance will take place after school .
2. find sth rather expensive 发现……相当贵
3. try on 试穿
－Can I try on this pair of shoes ?
－ Sure , try it on , please .
4.have sth on / about / with + sb 身上带有某物
I don't have any small notes on me . 我随身没有带小钞票。
You had better have a pen on you .
Do you have any small change about you ? 你带有零钱吗 ？
Have you any notebook about you ?
Carry your driving licence with you .
〖测试要点〗
have on 穿着（不用进行时态）
Today she has on a white blouse . = Today she wears a white blouse . = Today she is wearing a white blouse .
5. judge by / from 根据……来判断；从……来判断
We should judge a man by his deeds .
You shouldn't judge strangers always by the clothes he wears .
〖测试要点〗
judging by / from 依……来判断 （作评注状语）
Judging by his words , he got angry .
6. pay for 支付费用；负担款项；付出代价
How much did you pay for the dictionary ?
Have those books been paid for ?
You will have to pay for your mistakes . 你总得为你的错误付出代价的。
7. put sb to the trouble of doing sth = trouble sb to do sth 麻烦某人干，为难某人干
I'm sorry to put you to the trouble of helping me .
He didn't want to put me to the trouble of meeting him at the airport .
8. apologize to sb for sth = make an apology to sb for sth 因……向某人道歉
He made apologies to us for breaking the mirror .
9. just a moment / minute 等一会儿
10. worry about 担心，担忧，着急，发愁
Don't worry about it . It's nothing .
Worrying about your health will make you ill .
〖测试要点〗
be worried about 为……担心，为……着急
Don't be worried about me , Mary .
She's always worried about her health .
11. be after 寻找，追求
The police are after the missing boy in the woods .
12. get / take off 脱下
You can get off your coat now .
Get off your wet clothes .
13. do sb a favour = do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙，给某人一恩惠
Will you do me a favour this time ?
She did me a great favour 5 years ago .
He is always ready to do his friends a favour .
〖测试要点〗
当 do sb a favour 后面有不定式时常用 do sb the favour to do 或者 do sb the favour of doing 。注意冠词的变化。
Do me a favour , please . Turn the radio down .
She asked me to do her the favour of closing the door .
Will you do me the favor to lend me your dictionary ?
14. make … to one's (own) measure 根据某人的身材尺寸做
Mother will make new clothes for me to my own measure .
I'd like to have the skirt made to my own measure .
It seems that this dress is made to her measure .
15. depend on / upon 依赖，依靠
Everything depends on the conditions , time and place .
Children must depend on their parents .
She is a girl to be depended on .
You can depend on us to do the work well .
16. put / write down 写下，记下; 放下
Be sure to put down every word she says on the phone .
Let me put down your telephone number before I forget it .
This bus stopped to put down passengers , but that bus stopped to pick up passengers .
〖测试要点〗
辨析下列由 put 构成的搭配：
put out 扑灭。put away 把……收起来，放好。put on 上演，穿/戴上。put in / into practice 实施。put in order 整理，整顿。put off 推迟，拖延。put up 举起，建立，为……提供食宿。
17. drop in 顺便拜访
I'll drop in and leave the new address .
Would you like to drop in and have a cup of coffee
〖测试要点〗
drop in + on sb 顺便拜访某人
drop in + at sb 顺便拜访某地
call on sb （比较正式）拜访某人
visit sb = pay a visit to sb （最正式）拜访
On my way back , I dropped in at my brother's house .
Let's drop in on Aunt Wang , shall you ?
18. show sb out 送某人出去
Wait a moment . Let me show you out . 等一下，我送你出去。
〖测试要点〗
show sb in 领某人进来。。show sb around + place 领某人参观。show sb into 领某人进入。
要特别注意 show sb to the door 把某人送到门口。show sb the door 把某人赶出门去，下逐客令。
He wouldn't listen to my apology . He showed me the door . 他对我的道歉听也不听就把我赶出了门。
Lesson 39 & 40
1. do some research about = make some research about / on 对……进行调查研究
They have done some research about free markets in this city for some time .
They have done a great deal of research on that subject .
〖测试要点〗
research 虽然可以用复数，但其前不用 two , three , many , several , 但可以加 some 。可以用：do two pieces / items of research 做两项研究工作。
research 后可以接介词 on , about , into 。如：
He has made scientific researches on atom for ton years . 他从事原子科学研究已十年了。
2. offer the best advice and service 提供最好的建议和服务
3. do up 扎好，扣好，包好，整好，打扮。
You've done up your buttons the wrong way . 你把钮扣扣错了。
She went to the mirror to do up her hair .
They did up all the old newspapers and put then in a separate room .
Mary has done herself up for the palace ball .
4. be suitable for + ing / sth 适合于，宜于
These story-books are suitable for children to read .
This kind of food is unsuitable for the patients .
Is he suitable / fit for this job ?
5. understand about … 懂得有关……
对比：Do you understand the meaning ? 你明白/ 理解那个意思吗？
Do you understand about space ? 你了解有关太空的情况吗 ？
6. take sb seriously 对某人认真接待，重视某人
It is foolish of you not to take this boss seriously .
7. (and) what is worse = to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
What was worse , this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal .
He felt very hungry . What's worse , he had no money on him .
It got dark , and what was worse , we lost our way in the forest .
8. give sb the right / wrong change 给某人对/错钱
9. keep back 扣下，止住，隐瞒，留在后面
The boss kept back $30 from her pay without any reason . 老板无缘无故地从她的工资中扣掉30美元。
On hearing the news , the woman couldn't keep back her tears .
There's no need to keep it back from you .
10. enjoy equal rights 享有平等的权利
In China women enjoy equal rights with men .
11. fight sb to the end 同某人血战到底
No matter how powerful the enemy seems , we must fight them to the end .
12. know little about 对……知之甚少
13. in the world = on earth = completely 完全地，究竟，到底
14. get caught in 遇到，挂住
Her dress got caught on a nail .
They got caught in the rain the day before yesterday .
15. come off 脱离，掉下来
The branches have come off the trees .
16. in the same order 以相同的顺序
17. as usual 和往常一样，照例
As usual , he got up very early .
Only a week after the fire in the store , it was doing business as usual .
■ 单元语法学习目标
●对 as if 用法的探微
本单元的语法学习是掌握 as if 的用法。as if 是连词词组，相当于 as though , 意为“好像，好似”，引导表语从句和状语从句。学习中应注意如下四点：
1 . as if 引导表语从句。
as if 引导表语从句时，可以和 as though 互换，其句型为：“It looks / seem as if …”，其中 it 本身无词义，是无人称代词，looks / seems 是连系动词，as if 引导表语从句。例如：
It looks / seems as if you have got no experience . 看来你似乎并没有经验。
2 . as if 引导方式状语从句。
as if 引导的方式状语从句中，从句中的动词一般要用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反的主观设想，动词用过去式 (be 用 were ，适用于各种人称)；若表示与过去事实相反的主观设想，动词用“had + 过去分词”形式。例如：
He acted as if he were smoking . 他那举动好像他抽烟似的。
They talked as if they had been friends for years . 他们说话很亲热，就像多年的老朋友似的。
3 . 如果主句的谓语动词是过去式，从句中的动词往往可以用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。例如：
I heard a noise as if she was crying . 我听到一种声音，好象她在哭泣似的。
He walked past me as if I didn't exist . 他从我身旁经过时，好象我不存在似的。
4 . as if 引起从句不用虚拟语气，用陈述语气的情况有：
如果句子的谓语动词是连系动词 look , feel , seem , taste , smell 等时，从句往往用陈述语气。
It looks as if we shall have to walk home . 看来我们得步得回家了。
He looks as if he is going to smile . 他看起来象要微笑似的。
如果所描述的行为本身就是一种事实时，通常用陈述语气。
The astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor . 宇航员们感到他们好象是被压在船舱上了。
说话者认为属于事实的成分比较大，假设的成分较小时，一般用陈述语气。试比较：
He walks as if he were drunk . (没有醉酒)
He is walking this way and that as if he is drunk . (醉酒的可能性很大)
● No matter + 疑问词及其它
本单元的另一个语法学习项目是 no matter + 疑问词。一般说来，No matter + 疑问词(what , when , etc . )表示“不管(无论)什么，何时”等等。这种结构在句中主要作用是来引导让步状语从句。
No matter what happened , he wouldn't say a word . 无论发生什么事，他都守口如瓶。
No matter what difficulties she met , she was going to be a singer . 不管会遇到什么困难，她决意要当歌唱家。
No matter how busy he was , he always came to see me . 无论他多么忙还总是来看我。
在引导让步状语从句时，与上述结构有相同意思和用法的结构是：疑问句 + ever。
Whatever happened , he would not say a word .
不过，在使用疑问句 + ever 时，有以下几点用法需要注意。
★ 引导主语从句或宾语从句时，只能用“疑问词 + ever ”，而不能用“no matter + 疑问词”。
Whoever smokes here will be punished . 无论谁在这抽烟都要受到惩罚。
Beggars will eat whatever they are given . 饥不择食。
★“疑问词 + ever”可以用作修饰名词的关系形容词。
Take whatever books you like best . 拿你最喜欢的书吧。
★“疑问词 + ever ”搭配连用时，可用来加强语气，用在特殊问句中，表示“到底、究竟(= at all)的意思。
What ever do you want ? 你到底要些什么 ?
How ever did I forget it ? 我怎么竟然把它忘了 ?
★“no matter”可以单独用在句中或用作表语，意思是 it doesn't matter (不要紧)，never mind (没关系)。
It makes no matter whether he likes it or not . 他喜欢不喜欢都没有关系。
It is no matter whether you get there early or late . = It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late . 你早晚到那儿都没关系。
No matte , madam . 不要紧，夫人。
★ No matter 与 who , what , where , when…. 连用时，从句的时态用一般现在时表示将来。
No matter where you go , she'll love you . 无论你走到哪里，她都会爱你的。
★“no matter + 疑问词”放在句末时，往往不需要动词跟在后面。
I'll always believe you , no matter what . (不用 happen)不论发生什么，我都会相信你的。
〖针对练习〗
用“no matter + 疑问词”或“疑问词 + ever”填空
1 . ______ you go , you'll find your friends .
2 . I'll eat _______ you gave me .
3 . _______ he says , I'll do it .
4 . _______ he is in trouble , I'll be ready to help him .
5 . _______ she says should be considered .
6 . The teacher will give a medal to _______ studies hardest .
7 . You may take ______ gifts you want .
8 . _______ made you so angry ?
9 . _______ promise to buy you a car ?
10 . ______ have you made so great progress ?
11. baggage it is , it will be kept until the owner returns .
答案：1 . Wherever / No matter where 2 . whatever 3 . Whatever / No matter what 4 . Whenever / No matter when 5 . Whatever 6 . whoever 7 . whatever 8 . What ever / Who ever 9 . Who ever 10 . How ever 11. No matter whose
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
● 哪些词能引导让步状语从句
◇ 用连词 though 和 although，译成汉语为“虽然……但是……”。后者的语气稍正式些。要注意的是：英语中用了 though (although)，在主句中不要再加 but 。但他们可以与副词 still 和 yet 等连用，加强语气。
Although it was quite late , we were still working in the fields . 虽然时间很晚了，但我们还在田里工作着。
◇ 用 if 或 even if , 译成汉语为“即使……”。
If we failed in this English examination , at least we did our best . 即使我们在这次英语考试中失败我们至少尽了最大努力。
I'll go even if it rain . 即使天下雨，我也要去。
◇ 用 whether ，译成汉语为“不论”。
Whether it may rain or not , I'll do morning exercises . 不论天下雨不下雨，我都做早操。
◇ 用 even when ，译成汉语为“纵然……”等含义。
Even when it was raining heavily , he refused to take an umbrella . 纵然天在下大雨，他也拒绝带雨伞。
◇ 用 while , 它和 if , when 所引出的让步状语从句是通过连词在句中表达的内容与主句的内容在意义上相反。
While I appreciated (重视) the honour , I could not accept the position . 尽管我 重视荣誉，但是我不能接受那个职位。
◇ 用 as ，但语序要倒装。
Poor as he is ( = Though he is poor) , he is honest . 虽然他贫穷，但他诚实。
◇ 用连接代词(副词) whatever , whichever , whoever , wherever , whenever 和 however 等来引导让步状语从句。
Whatever happens , (=No matter what) , we'll carry on the experiment . 不管怎么样，我们要继续试验。
He will never succeed , however hard he tries . 无论他如何努力尝试，他都不会成功。
● 条件在哪里 ？
请先看这样两句话：
1 . Without electricity human life would be quite different today .
2 . Given more attention , the trees could have grown better .
以上两句都是虚似条件句，但在这些句子却看不到 if 引导的条件状语从句，那么，它们的条件在哪里呢 ?
1 . 在 without 等引导的介词短语里，without 是最常见的用来表示条件的介词，意思是“若没有”等。
Plants couldn't grow without air . 没有空气植物就不能生活。(without air = if there weren't air)
Without your advice , he couldn't have succeeded . 若不是你的忠告，他不可能成功。(without your advice = if it hadn't been for your advice)
另外 under 也常用来表示条件。
We could have done better under more favorable conditions . 在更有利的条件下，我们能干得更好。
2 . 在but for 或 except for 引导的短语里，but for 与 except for 意义接近，可译作“要不是……”，等于 if it hadn't been for 。
But for the rain , we should have had a pleasant journey . 要不是下雨， 我们旅途愉快的。
But for your coming , I should have been very lonely . 要不是你来，我会感到寂寞的。
Except for you , I should be dead by now . . 要不是因为你，我活不到现在。
She would have left her husband except for the children . 若不是为了孩子，她早就离开她丈夫了。
3 . 用分词表示。
Invited , I would have come with you . (=If I had been invited , I would … )要是受到邀请，我会跟你一块去的。
I'd come and see you in Austria , given the chance . (= … if I were given the chance . )有机会的话，我会到奥地利去看你。
4 . 隐含在 but 引导的并列句中。
We would have given you a ride this morning , / but the car was full . ( = … this morning if the car hadn't been full . )今天上午我们本可以让你搭我们的车的，但车上人满了。
He could have passed the driving test , but he was too nervous . 他原本能够通过驾驶考试的，不过他太紧张了。
5 . 隐含在副词 otherwise (否则，不然的话，等于 if not)。
It snowed heavily , Otherwise , I could have arrived earlier . 天下了大雪，不然的话，我会早到的。(此处，otherwise = if it hadn't snowed heavily)
6 . 隐含在 but that 引导的从句里。这里 but 为介词，but that 的意思是“若不是……”。
I'd have come with you but that I was so busy . (= I'd have come with you if I hadn't been so busy . )我要是不忙，会跟你一块儿去的。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money . (= He would have helped us if he hadn't been short of money . )要不是那时他缺钱，他会帮助我们的。
7 . 隐含在上下文的语境中。
－ We could have walked to the station . It was so near . 我们本可以步行去车站，它这么近。
－ Yes . A taxi wasn't necessary . 对，当时乘出租车是不必要的。 (MET'92)
此句上下文隐含了“如果不乘出租车的话”这个条件(车站很近，乘出租车没必要。)
I would have acted as he did . 我不会象他那样干的。(隐含的条件是：“如果我要干的活if I had done it。”)
在下一个例句中，隐含的条件更不难体会。
Before liberation , years like these would have meant certain death for many people . Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children .
解放前要是碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死掉，许多人会逃荒要饭，许多人会被迫卖儿卖女。
【妙文赏析】
A Bullet in Mr Hand's Back
Mr Hand was very strong when he studied in a middle school . He liked (1) and his favourite game was running . So he won several (2) at the sports meetings . He had hoped to go to college before the (3) broke out . He was told to join the army and he (4) the front . He was very brave and was hardly (5) anything . But one day he was badly wounded and his (6) sent him to the field hospital at once . The doctors tried their best to (7) him , but a bullet (子弹) was in his back and they couldn't bring it out when he was being (8) on . Having come out of hospital , Mr Hand was (9) by a police station . He worked hard but he often had a (10) in his back and had to go to the hospital . But the (11) in his town could not help him and advised him to go to a (12) hospital in the capital . He (13) their suggestion and started . His friends saw him off at the (14) . As the planes were often hijacked (劫持) , at the (15) he was stopped and the policemen told him to hand over all his things that were made of (16) .
“I'm sorry to tell you , sir , ”said Mr Hand . “I can't (17) you unless you use knives ! ”
“Are you having a (18) with us , sir ? ”called out an officer .
“Don't be (19) , sir , ”Mr Hand said with a smile . “I'm trying to have the bullet (20) out ! ”
Having heard his explanation , the officer let him in .
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1 . A . lessons B . sports C . reading D . writing
2 . A . medals B . chances C . plans D . projects
3 . A . hire B . earthquake C . war D . flood
4 . A . left B . was left C . sent to D . was sent to
5 . A . afraid of B . tired of C . in need of D . interested in
6 . A . officers B. officials C . soldiers D . secretaries
7 . A . rescue B . save C . encourage D . explain
8 . A . examined B . checked C . operated D . treated
9 . A . borrowed B . employed C . stationed D . elected
10 . A . mark B . disease C . pain D . result
11 . A . doctors B . scientists C . folks D . relatives
12 . A . near B . old C . good D . better
13 . A . accepted B .received C . appreciated D . thanked
14 . A . railway station B . airport C . port D . bus stop
15 . A . plane B . office C . exit D . entrance
16 . A . medal B . model C . metal D . plastic
17 . A . see B . look at C . hear D . listen to
18 . A . joke B . arguing C . problem D . communicating
19 . A . sad B . afraid C . angry D . astonished
20 . A . sent B . brought C . finding D . dug
〖答案〗 1 . B 2 . A 3 . C 4 . D 5 . A 6 . C 7 . B 8 . D 9 . B 10 . C 11 . A 12 . D 13 . A 14 . B 15 . D 16 . C 17 . D 18 . A 19 . C 20 . B
〖释疑〗1. 从下一句 his favourite game was running 可以确定应选 sports 。2. 在运动回上自然是获得奖章，故选 medals 。3. 从上下文可以知道他不是生长在和平的年代（He was told to join the army .），故选war 。4. 保家卫国就会被派往前线，所以选D。5. 从very brave 和 hardly 可以知道他英勇无畏，选A。6. 在战场受伤只能是战友们伸出友爱的手把他送到战地医院，故只能选 C。7. 受重伤已经脱离在战场的险境，面临的就是抢救他的性命，rescue 是营救，save 是抢救生命，所以选 B。8. 动手术符合语境。9. 康复出院后应是被雇佣，所以选B。10. 由于前面的伏笔中有背部子弹未取出，现在疼痛是在所难免的，所以选C。11. 既然建议他当地医院无能为力，爱莫能助，只有医生说出此言。12. 从 in the capital 暗示出只有条件好的大医院才能取出他背部的子弹。并不是医院旧或离当地近就能如原以尝。13. 从started(出发)知他接受了（accepted）建议，不只是接到(received)建议。14. 下文 planes 的提示说明朋友在机场送行。15. 根据常识在入境出接受海关检查，只有 entrance 符合此意。16. 对人有危险的器物恐怕金属类的比较现实，故选 metal。17. 幽默在于 Mr Hand 并没有什么恶意，自己身上的子弹只有用手术刀才能解决问题。可对方却产生理解上的偏差，故用listen to sb 表达服从之意。18. 从检查人员的大声喊叫（called out）中可以感受到请Mr Hand 不要开玩笑而妨碍公事。19. Mr Hand 一看对方脸色和反应不对劲，知道自己的话引起了误会，故笑容满面（with a smile）地向怒气冲冲的警察们解释说明。故选C。20. have sth + done 是让……被。bring out 取出。dig out 不符合实际。
【思维体操】
世界名人系列 NMET阅读理解 (2)
Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln took office in March of 1861 , James Buchanan said to him, “If you are as happy on entering the White House as I'm leaving it , you are the happiest man in this country . ” Difficult times lay ahead for Lincoln , and both men knew it . Seven Southern States had already left the Union , four more states would soon follow them . The start of the Civil War was only weeks away . Many people doubted (怀疑) Lincoln's ability to pull the Union together . He was just a country lawyer . He had only a few years of schooling , and he had served one term in Congress (国会) . His only real fame came from a series of debates (辩论) over slavery . Lincoln's firm s
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit12.doc
标题 Mainly Revision
章节 第十二单元
关键词 高二英语第十二单元
内容
一、教学目的和要求
1.单词和词组：
the other day
goldfish
L.45L四会
breath
hold one’s breath
throw at
L.46
fine (vi.)
dish
get away
fall over
L.47
recent
exercise (vi)
L.48
tank
underwater
bush
L.45三会
lion
Green Park Zoo
attack
frighten
pale
L.46
stare
stare at
carry off
so as to
attract
keeper
struggle to one’s feet
speed up
flow
L.47
exact
L.48
for one thing
centimetre (cm)
L.45二会
Cousins
L.46
Jo run out of
L.47
2.日常交际用语：
复习第七至十一单元出现过的日常交际用语。
3.语法：
复习第七至十一单元出现过的重点语法项目。
二、重点与难点
L.45
1. We need to find one about 30 centimeters (cm) by 30cm by 50cm .
我们需要找一个大约30公分宽、50公分长的水箱。
句中的30cm by 30cm by 50cm是体积的表示法，其中介词by表示“用……去乘”的意思，分别表示宽、高、长的长度。例如：
I want to buy a cage 1.5m by 1.5m by 3m.
我想买一个1.5米宽、1.5m高、3m长的笼子。
另外，句中的体积表示法也可以写出1.5m×1.5m×3m
2. Check the prices before you decide whether to buy one .
要看好价格，然后再决定买不买。
句中的whether to buy one是疑问词+不定式结构，作及物动词的宾语。在此“whether”作“是否”解，在这种结构中，不能用if代替（if to buy one是错误的）。例如：
We haven’t decided whether to have a party .
我们还没决定是否举行一次聚会。
They didn’t tell us when to paint the house .
他们没告诉我们什么时候粉刷房屋。
The worker showed us how to operate the machine .
这位工人告诉我们怎样操作这台机器。
3. For one thing they keep the water clean . Also they make the tank look much prettier .
一则它们（水下植物）可以使水保持清洁，再则他们可以便水箱看起来漂亮些。
a)句中的for one thing意思是“首先”，“一则”，用来举出理由，常用在For one thing…，for another…或For one thing…Also…这种结构中，意思为“一则……，再则……”或“首先……，其次……”。例如：
I can’t stay here for long . For one thing , I’ve no time . For another , I’ve no money .
我不能在此逗留太久。首先，我没时间，其次，我没有钱。
I think she’s fit for the job . For one thing , she dances . Also she’s fond of singing .
我认为她适合这个工作。一则她会跳舞，再则她喜欢唱歌。
b)keep在句中是“使……保持”的意思，make是“使／让……”的意思，在这二个词的后面都跟复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）。在本句中，keep后面的复合宾语是“名词+形容词”（keep the water clean）；而make后的复合宾语是“名词+不带to的不定式”（make the tank look prettier）。例如：
Good food keeps you healthy .
好的食物能使你保持健康。
Please keep the room clean .
请保持室内清洁。
He made his parents happy .
他使他的父母高兴。（这是跟“名词+形容词”的复合宾语。）
They made the child cry .
他们把孩子给弄哭了。
L.46
1. The manager of the zoo said that the young lion , which was born in the zoo and is now six months old , would probably not attack people .
动物园的经理说，幼狮是在动物园出生的，只有六个月，很可能不会咬人。
a)这是一个主从复合句，其中的主句是“The manager of the zoo said”，其后跟了一个由that补导的宾语从句“that the young lion…would probably not attack people”，而在这一从句中，又插入了一个非限定性定语从句“which was born…six months old”，来修饰先行词the young lion .
b)句中的副词probably作“或许”，“可能”解，是most likely（很可能）的意思。所学过的类似的副词有：possibly , maybe , perhaps。另外还有形容词likely，也有很可能的意思。这些词都表示可能性，但在程度上和用法上稍有不同。perhaps作“或许”解，含有“也许如此”，“也许不如此”的意味，它和possibly的意味相似，但possibly通常与情态动词can , may , must等词连用。例如：
Perhaps it is true .／It may possibly be true .这也许是真的。
△Maybe也作“或许”解，同perhaps的意思接近，但比perhaps更为普通，它是英国英语，而maybe是美国英语。例如：
Perhaps it is true .／Maybe it is true .这或许是真的。
△probably也是“或许”、“可能”的意思，它比perhaps和possibly所表示的可能性大。例如：
They will perhaps succeed .／They may possibly succeed .
这二句语的意思是“他们或许会成功。”其中含有“不会成功”的意思较多。
但下面这个句中表达的意思则是含有“会成功”的意思较多。例如：
They will probably succeed .他们很可能会成功。
△而形容词likely也有“很可能的意思，大体上和probable同义，但比probable更为多用。在用法上他们也是有些不同的。likely后面常跟动词不定式式（be likely to do sth .）；而probable之后通常不跟不定式。例如：
He is likely to come .
他很可能会来。
在这外句子中，likely不可用probable代替。但在下面的句子中，probable却可以代替likely。例如：
It is likely that he’ll come .／It is probable that he’ll come .
2. Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police .
无论谁看到这头狮子请打电话给动物园和警察。
句中的anyone who相当于whoever。anyone为代词，意思是“任何人”，“无论何人”。
例如：I didn’t see anyone . 我没见到任何人。
Does anyone know the answer ? 有人知道答案吗？
请注意区别anyone与any one。anyone是代词，作“任何人”解；any one可起形容词的作用，也可起代词的作用，意思是“任何一个的”，“任何一个人（一件事）”。
另外any one后可接of短语，而anyone则不可以接of短语。例如：
I didn’t ask anyone to help me with the work .
我没有请任何人帮忙。
I didn’t ask any one of them to help me with the work .
我没有请他们中的任何一个人帮忙。
3. Mrs Cousins was making a lot of noise with the pans and did not hear anything unusual .
卡曾斯太太摆弄锅盘的响声很大，所以她没听见有什么特殊的动静。
句中的noise一词的意思是“声音”，尤指喧闹声，噪音。make a noise作“喧嚷”、“吵闹”、“发出噪音”解。例如：
Don’t make so much noise .／Don’t make such a loud noise . The baby is sleeping .
别这么吵闹，小婴儿正在睡觉。
我们学过表示“声音”的词还有：voice和sound，表示“声音”时，这三个词可以通用。例如：
I heard a voice／sound／noise .
我听到了一个声音。
但是它们分别又各有特定的含义。
△noise作“噪音”、“嘈杂声”、“吵闹声”，主要指不悦耳，不和谐的声音，它既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。例如：
Noise is another kind of pollution .
噪音是另外一种污染。
Very loud noise can make people ill , or even drive them mad .
很大的噪音可以使人得病，甚至使人发狂。
△voice多指人发出的声音，包括说话声，歌声或笑声，有时也用于引申的意义，作“意见”、“发言权”解。例如：
They boy shouted at the top of his voice .
那男孩高声呼叫。
I’m sorry I didn’t recognize your voice .
对不起，我没听出来你的声音。
She has a sweet voice .
她的声音甜美。
I’ve no voice in the matter .
对于这件事，我无发言权。
△sound含义最广，指可以听到的任何声音。例如：
a weak sound微弱的声音，a strange sound奇怪的声音，the sound of music音乐之声。
I heard a strange sound outside .
我听到外面有一种奇怪的声音。
He went upstairs , without a sound .
他悄悄地上了楼。
4. She was just about to open the window and shouted at the dog to frighten it , when she stopped and stood quite still .
她正准备打开窗户，大声吓唬一下那条狗，这时她突然停住了，站着一动也不动。
a)句中的be about to do sth表示“即将做某事”，“马上就要做某事”，“正要做某事”。例如：
Don’t go out now . we’re about to have lunch .
现在不要出去，我们就要开饭了。
We were just about to leave when you telephoned .
我们正要离开时，你来电话了。
这里需要注意的是，about常与when搭配使用，这时其句子的特点是英语主从关系和汉语的主从关系恰好相反，比如上面的这个句子，英语中when you telephoned是时间状语从句，而汉语句中则是主句，而we were about to leave在英语中是主句，汉语中却成了从句。又如：
I was about to start when it began to rain .
我正要动身，就开始下雨了。
b)句中的when是连词，连接两个并列的分句，意思是“届时”，“在那时”，“……然后”，必要时在when的从句之前加逗号。例如：
I was about to go to bed last night , when I heard a cry for help .
昨晚我正要睡觉时，突然听到了呼救声。
My friend Jack came to see me , when I had dinner .
我的朋友杰克来看我，那时我正在吃晚饭。
c)句中的stood quite still短语中stood可以看作是系动词，后面跟的是形容词still作表语，意思是“静止的”，“不出声的”。to stand still相当于to remain unmoving and silent，用以说明句子中的主语所处于某种状态。类似的动词还有sit , lie，在这些词后也可以跟形容词作表语，对句子的主语进行描述。例如：
He stood still , watching the old people playing chess .
他站在那儿一动也不动，观看着老人们下棋。
He lay awake , thinking about changing his job .
他毫无睡意地躺着，考虑要换个工作。
She sat still , waiting for their decision .
她坐着不动，等候他们的决定。
5. At that very moment , the animal bent over the baby .
就在那一刹那，狮子俯身看着婴儿。
a)句中的very是形容词，用来加强语气，作“正好”，“就在”，“正是”解。例如
That’s the very thing I’m after .
那正是我在追求的东西
This is the very man we have been talking about .
这个人正是我们在谈论的（那个）人。
b)动词bend意为“弯腰”，“曲身”，“屈服”，与over一起构成短评动词相当于turn over , lean to the ground，例如：
The tall man bent to listen to the little boy .
那位高个子男人弯下腰来听小男孩讲话。
I can’t bend before them .
我不能向他们屈服。
He stopped and bent over to tie his shoes .
他停下来，弯腰系鞋带。
6. Mrs , Cousins held her breath , and her whole body went cold .
卡曾斯太太屏住呼吸，全身发冷。
a)句中的短语hold one’s breath意思是“屏住呼吸”，“不出声”。例如：
How long can you hold your breath for ?
你能屏住呼吸多久？
The audience held their breath as the acrobat walked along the tightrope .
杂技演员走钢丝时，观从们都屏住了呼吸。
b)句中的went（go为原形）作系动词用，意思是“变得”（同become），cold是形容词，作表语，说明主语发生的变化。类似的系动词还有：fall , get , turn等。例如：
Eggs are easy to go bad in summer .
在夏天，鸡蛋容易变坏。
It’s getting dark , let’s stop working .
天快黑了，咱们停止工作吧。
The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes .
当春天来临时，树叶就变绿了。
Before liberation , he often went hungry .
解放前，他经常挨饿。
Has anything gone wrong with the machine ?
机器出什么毛病了吗？
7. Worse still , it could even carry off the baby in its mouth .
更糟的是，狮子甚至可能把婴儿叼走。
句中的worse still是“更糟糕的是……”，同于what’s worse .这是形容词词组构成的插入语，用来作补充说明，插入语后面通常用逗号同句子的其它成分分开。例如：
Lots of trees were blown down , Worse still (What’s worse) , some people were killed or injured .
许多树木被风刮倒了，更糟糕的是，还死伤了一些人。
It was very cold last night . Worse still , it was snowing .
昨天晚上很冷，更糟的是，还下着雪。
8. There was not a moment to lose . ( = She had no time to waste .)
不能再耽误了。
There was not a moment to lose .
是一个固定的表达法，意思是“立即行动起来”，“一刻也不能耽误”。lose在这里作“耽搁”，“浪费时间”解。例如：
Hurry up , there’s not a moment to lose .
快点，一刻也不能耽搁了。
She’s very ill .Take her to the hospital and there’s not a moment to lose .
她病得不轻，快送她去医院，一刻也不能耽误。
9. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attrack the lion’s attention .
当她摇晃着手中的猪肉吸引狮子的注意力时，狮子看着她。
句中的attract是“吸引”，“引起注意”，“引起兴趣”的意思，（=draw）。例如：
The new film in going to attract a lot of visitors .
这部新影片会很受欢迎的。
The newly built museum began to attract a lot of visitors .
这座新建的博物馆吸引了不少参观者。
10. “Here ! Eat that !” she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass away from the table .
她一边尽可能地把猪腿扔到远离桌子的草地上，一边喊着，“喂，吃这个吧！”
a)句中的here，是感叹词，用来引起别人注意，译时比较灵活。例如：
Here , look at the beautiful picture !
喂，请看这张美丽的画片！
Here , don’t walk so quickly .
喂，别走那么快。
Here , give me a hand .
喂，请帮帮我。
b) as far as she could后面省略了动词throw，这是一个状语从句，相当于as far as possible（尽可能远）。
这二个结构是这样的：
as + adj.／adv. + as + one can .
as + adj.／adv. + as possible .
例如：
I shall come to see you as often as I can／possible .
我会尽可能常来看你。
I’ll try to work as hand as I can／possible .
我将尽可能地努力工作。
L.47
1. It’s not safe to go outside until it is caught .
在抓住它之前，外出是不安全的。
a)在这个句子中，句首的it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to go outside，而第二个短语是人称代词，在这里代替的是the young lion。
b)在这里要注意的是句中not…until…的结构，其中的until相当于before的意思。这种结构的句子，翻译时可以译作“在……之前不……”，也可以译作“到……之后才……”。
如本课中的这句话还可以译作“抓住狮子之后，外出才是安全的。”请看下面的句子：
Don’t leave until I come back .
在我回来之前不要离开。（我回来之后再离开。）
We won’t do anything until we’ve thought it over .
在我们仔细考虑之前，我们不会做任何事情的。（在我们仔细考虑之后才会去做的。）
He didn’t do his homework until his mother came home .
他妈妈回到家之后他才做功课。
2. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked into the garden .
动物园的两位饲养员走进屋来，察看了一下花园里情况。
句中的动词短语look into的意思是“调查”，“研究”，“了解”的意思，但在本句中有“观察”，“调查”之意。例如：
We’ll look into this matter together .
我们将一起调查这件事。
The police are looking into the records of all those involved in the crime .
警察在查阅所有被牵扯到这个案子里的人的档案。
其实look into的本意是“向里面看”。例如：
Father said to his son , “look into the box and tell me what you see” .
父亲对儿子说：“朝箱子里面，然后告诉我你看到了什么”。
3. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired .
慢慢地穿过草地，他把枪筒对准狮子，紧接着他就开枪了。
a)句首的walking slowly across the grass是～ing短语作状语 ，表示伴随的动作。这种～ing短语作状语时，可以放在句首也可以放在句末。
b)句中的point…at…是“把……对准”，“指向”的意思。另外point to的意思是“指”“指着”的意思。例如：
She was pointing her fingers at him .
她把手指指着他。
“Point the gun at the target” , the officer ordered .
军官命令道“把枪对准靶子”。
The hands of the clock pointed to ten .
钟表的指针指着十点。
It’s impolite to point your fingers at people .
用手指指人是不礼貌的。
4. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet .
狮子突然发出一声怒吼，挣扎着站了起来。
a)句中的make a noise是“发出响声”的意思，在noise一词之前可以加形容词或不定代词，如make a great noise（发出很大的响声），make a loud noise（发出闹声），make no noise（不发出声响）等。另外，noise一词可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。例如：
Don’t make any noise . The hildren are sleeping .
别吵闹，孩子们正在睡觉呢。
What’s that noise ?
那是什么响？
Who’s making those strange noises ?
谁弄出的那种怪声？
b)句中的struggle to one’s feet短语是“挣扎着站起来”的意思。动词struggle是“挣扎”，“奋力”，“作努力”，“斗争”的意思。例如：
The people were struggling to get out of the burning building .
人们奋力逃离出燃烧着的建筑物。
A bird was caught and was struggling to get free .
小鸟被捉并且奋力挣脱。
5. After a moment , it fell over and lay still .
不一会儿，它（狮子）就摔倒在地，一动不动了。
句中的fall over是“摔倒”的意思。例如：
A girl fell over and hit her head .
小女孩摔倒了，碰了头。
He fell over a rock and hurt himself .
他跌倒在石头上并且受了伤。
The hunter fired and the deer fell over dead .
猎人开枪了，鹿儿倒下死了。
三、同步测试
I选择最佳答案
1. She seems to the People’s Park before .
A. be visiting B. have visited C. visit D. had visited
2. If you go to see the film , so I .
A. go B. am C. do D. will
3. He is not fit for the position . For one thing , he’s not received enough education . For he doesn’t work hard .
A. one other B. the second C. the other thing D. another
4. Worse , they lost their way in the forest .
A. still B. all C. also D. more
5. Please keep when I take the picture f you .
A. calm B. quietly C. still D. silently
6. Not asking of his friends to help , the boy did it by himself .
A. someone B. anyone C. anybody D. any one
7. I’ve written to my family, them about my school life here .
A. and tell B. to be told C. telling D. tell
8. “Please get yourselves for the coming exam” , the teacher said to the students.
A. to prepare B. prepared C. prepare D. preparing
9. Do you still remember the match we watched several months ago ?
A. for a time B. sometimes C. sometime D. at times
10.──When can you finish it ?
──It’s hard to say . I’ll finish it .
A. as fast as possible B. as soon as possible
C. as much as possible D. as possible as I can
11. It’s never easy to succeed hard work .
A. after B. unless C. without D. with
12. All the problems raised at the meeting were solved .
A. one from the other B. one to another
C. one by one D. one after one
13. What kind of did you see in the zoo ?
A. the new animal B. a new animal C. an animal D. new animal
14. He saw a boy running out the big tree .
A. from behind B. from C. around D. of
15. He likes doing his homework with the radio on .
A. to turn B. turning C. turned D. turn
16. Anyone who breaks the law can’t escape .
A. punishing B. being punished C. punished D. from punishing
17. The most interesting thing about this animal is it lives on .
A. how B. what C. which D. where
18. It was yesterday that I the news .
A. until , didn’t know B. not until , knew
C. until , knew D. not since , knew
19. The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply , and .
A. did Charlie so B. Charlie so did
C. so Charlie did D. so did Charlie
20. The needle of a compass（指南针）always the south .
A. refers at B. points at C. points to D. refers to
II完形填空
The United States is full of cars . There are still many families 1 cars , but some families have two or more . However , cars are used for 2 joy . They are a necessary part of 3 .
Cars are used for 4 . They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have 5 to get to their jobs . When 6 are sent to different parts of the city , They have to drive in order to 7 their goods , Farmers have to drive into cities in order to buy things .
Sometimes small children 8 be driven to school , In some cities school buses are used only 9 children who live more than a mile 10 school . When children are too young to walk 11 far , their 12 take turns to drive them to school , One mother drives on Monday , taking her own children and the 13 as well . Another mother drives on Tuesday , another on Wednesday 14 , So people say they 15 a car pool . Men also form car pools-three or four of them take turns to drive to the place 16 they all work .
More car pools should be formed in order to put 17 cars on the road and to use less oil . Car-leaving place is a great problem , and 18 is the over-busy road
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit13.doc
标题 unit13
章节 第十三单元
关键词 高二英语第十三单元
内容
一、教学目的和要求
⒈单词和词组
ruler
L.49
四会
go on with the First World War wouldwide right(n.)
L.50
peace
work out stick(vi.) stick to ruler
L.51
course(n.)
L.52
communist professor
L.49
三会
scientific darkness shy content lead to discovery
L.50
cheque human right
prove bent respect leading sadness take sides(in)
L.51
fuel
advance advanced mathematics education
L.52
further education technical
Albert Einstein Alexander Bell
L.49
二会
the Nobel Prize bookmark
L.50
Swiss Hitler Jew
L.51
⒉日常交际用语：
Is it…? No, it’s not him/her Is he/she…?
Who is he/she? What did he do? It must be him/her
⒊语法：
学习名词性从句作语的用法。
二、重点与难点分析
Lesson 49
⒈I’m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. 我正在猜报纸上的字谜。
puzzle意为“谜”，do a word puzzle or do a puzzle in words意为“猜字谜”。
这里的puzzle是名词，作“难题”，“难以解释的东西”讲。
例如：The murder case was a puzzle to the police. 这桩谋杀案对警察局来说是一个难题。
puzzle也可以作动词，意为“使人迷惑不解”。例如：
The murder case continued to puzzle the police.
这桩谋杀案仍使警察局迷惑不解。
⒉It must be him! 那肯定是他！
情态动词must主要指“肯定”和“禁止”，前者用于肯定句，表示推测，后者用于否定句，表示禁止。例如：
My father must be watching TV now.
我爸爸现在肯定在看电视。
She must be in the classroom.
她肯定在教室里。
You mustn’t smoke in public places.
公共场所禁止吸烟。
Lesson 50
⒈When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions…
他小时候常常问许多问题…
used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”
be used to doing sth. 意为“习惯于做某事”
be used to do sth. 意为“被用来干什么”
例如：I used to drink coffee in the evening, but now I am used to drinking coffee in the morning.
过去我常常晚上喝咖啡，但是现在我习惯于早上喝咖啡。
Computers can be used to do a lot of work nowadays.
如今计算机可用来做许多事。
⒉By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself.
到十四岁时，他已经自学了数学。
by与时间名词连用时表示“到某时为止”，“不迟于…(时间)”
当by后接将来时间时，句子时态用一般将来时或将来完成时；当by后接过去时间时，句子时态用过去完成时。当by后接现在时间时，句子时态用现在完成时。
例如：
My mother will be back by 5 o’clock this afternoon.
今天下点五点以前我妈妈就回来了。
We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term.
到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了2000个英语单词。
By the end of this century, China will have become a more powerful and beautiful country in the world.
到本世纪末，中国将成为世界上更强大更美丽的国家。
By now, several bridges have been built over the Changjiang River.
到目前为止，长江上已经建了好几座桥。
⒊He found it hard to get along with the other boys.
他觉得很难与别的孩子相处。
在此句中，it为形容宾语，hard为宾语补足词，真正的宾语是不定式短语to get along with the other boys.
在一个含有复合宾语（即：宾语+宾补）的句子中，当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，由于不定式短语或从句较长，所以常使用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于句尾，以保持句子的平衡。例如：
I found it difficult to learn French well.
我觉得学好法语是很难的。
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
对于他的死他们保密。
⒋All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of this time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends.
虽然爱因斯坦结过两次婚，而且有很多亲密的朋友，但是在整个一生中，他还是愿意独自度过他的大部分时光。
content adj. 满足的；满意的；愿意的
be content with sth. 对…感到满意
be content to do sth. 愿意做某事
She is content with her present job.
她对目前的工作很满意。
I am always content with very little.
我总是很容易满足。
I shall be well content to do so.
我很愿意这样做。
⒌With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university, where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.
他用自己挣来和积存的钱继续读大学，1905年在大学获得博士学位。
⑴此句是复合句。其中包含两个定语从句。
a: that he received and saved修饰the pay
b: where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905是非限定性定语从句，修饰university.
⑵receive意为“收到”，accept意为“接受”，二者的语义有别。例如：
I received her invitation last week, but I didn’t accept it.
上星期我收到她的请柬，但是我没有接受。
⑶a doctor’s degree 博士学位
a master’s degree 硕士学位
a bachelor’s degree 学士学位
注意学位前的不定冠词
receive/win/get a doctor’s degree/a master’s degree/a bachelor’s degree意为获得博士/硕士/学士学位
Tom received a doctor’s degree in physics in Boston University last term.
上学期汤姆在波士顿大学获得物理学博士学位。
⒍…he began the research and studies which led to his new discoveries in physics.
…他开始了研究，这些研究使他在物理学方面有了新的发现。
⑴which led to his new discoveries in physics是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词组the research and studies
⑵lead to意为“引起”、“导致”、“造成”、“通向”
The car accident led to many deaths.
那次车祸使许多人丧生。
There is only one path leading to the forest.
只有一条小路通向森林。
Hard work and proper ways will lead you to success.
勤奋的工作和正确的方法会使你成功。
⒎In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA.
1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去美国。
leave for意为“动身到（某处）”介词“for”表示目标，去向。
My father left for Guangzhou two days ago.
我父亲两天前动身去广州了。
She left home for the railway station a few minutes ago.
几分钟前她离开家动身去火车站了。
⒏Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.
爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。
⑴此句中的live是及物动词，常用于live…a life结构。意为“过着”（某种）生活。
例如：live a happy life 过着幸福的生活
live a hard life 过着艰苦的生活
live a miserable life 过着悲惨的生活
live a quiet life 过着宁静的生活
They are used to living a quiet life in the country.
他们习惯在农村过安静的生活。
The children in the city are living a happy life.
城里的孩子们过着幸福愉快的生活。
⑵句中的rest意为“其余的（部分或人），其他的（部分或人）”，使用时须与the连用。
Pick out the good apples and throw away the rest.
挑出好苹果，将其余的扔掉。
Some of the boys climbed the hill, the rest played games.
有些男孩爬山，其他的男孩做游戏。
⒐Besides his work in physics, he spent a lot of time working for human rights and progress.
除了在物理学方面的工作以外，他还花了大量的时间为人权和进步而工作。
注意besides和except的区别
besides意为“除了…之外（还有），有肯定和附加的含义”
except意为“除了…之外（不包括本身在内），有否定和排除的含义。”
例如：
Three girls went to the park besides Mary.
除了玛丽外，还有三个女孩去了公园。（玛丽去了公园，另外三个女孩也去了公园。）
All of us passed the maths exam besides Mike.
除了迈克外，我们大家也通过了数学考试。（迈克及格了，我们大家也及格了。）
All the girls went to the park except Mary.
除了玛丽外，其他女孩都去了公园。（玛丽没去公园。）
All of us passed the maths exam except Mike.
除迈克外，我们大家都通过了数学考试。（迈克没通过）
⒑It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killlings.
据说他在音乐中找到了平静，这种平静在一个充满战争与杀戮的世界里是没有的。
⑴句中which was missing in a world full of wars and killings是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词the peace.
⑵full of意为“充满”。形容词短语full of…作定语，放在其所修饰的名词a world之后，a world full of wars and killings相当于a world which was full of wars and killings. 例如：
He brought us a basket full of vegetables. 他带给我们满满一蓝子蔬菜。
⒒Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
爱因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个质朴的人，一位二十世纪最伟大的科学家。
此句是倒装句。句中的such是代词，作“这”或“这些”讲。谓语动词根据情况用单数或复数。例如：
Such is my wish. 这就是我的愿望。
Such were his words. 这就是他讲的话。
Such is the answer to the question. 这就是问题的答案。
Lesson 51
⒈But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research.
但是爱因斯坦坚持自己的意见并继续研究。
⑴动词短语stick to意为“坚持（意见，看法等）”，其中to是介词，后跟名词或代词。例如：
No matter what you say, I will stick to my opinion.
不管你说什么，我会坚持我的观点。
I will stick to my work unitl it’s finished.
我会坚持干我的工作，直到完成它。
⑵stick(stuck, stuck)既可以作动词，也可以作名词。意为“贴，粘”，“卡住，陷在…里（无法移动）”、“手杖”例如：
The old woman can not walk without a walking stick.
这位老太太没有拐杖不能行走。
Don’t forget to stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.
把信投进信箱前别忘了在信封上贴上邮票。
The car stuck in the mud.
汽车陷入泥里了。
The key has stuck in the lock.
钥匙卡在锁里了。
⒉From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.
从那时起，爱因斯坦备受尊敬，被公认为本世纪最杰出的科学家。
from that time on/from then on意为“从那时起”，常与过去时连用。
since that time/since then/ever since then意为“从那时起”，但与完成时连用。例如：
From then on he began to learn Russian.
从那时起，他开始学俄语。
Since then he has been writing poems.
从那时起，他一直在写诗。
⒊…as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. ……由于瑞士在大战中没有参加战争的任何一方。
take sides with sb./take the side of sb. 同意某人，支持某人，和…站在一边。例如：
Switzerland refused to take sides in world War II.
瑞士在第二次世界大战中拒绝参加任何一方。
He took sides with Mother against Father in the argument.
争论中他站在母亲一边反对父亲的意见。
⒋When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s…….
二十世纪三十年代初期希特勒统治德国的时候……
in the early 1930s也可以写成in the early 1930’s二十世纪三十年代初期
in the middle 1990s 二十世纪九十年代中期
in the late 1990s 二十世纪九十年代末期
⒌Grammer：Noun Clauses as the Subject
语法：名词性从句：主语从句
用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句这一。引导主语从句的连接词有：连词that,whether；连接代词who,what和which；连接副词when,where,how,why等等。例如：
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
他所希望看到的是，全世界的一切军队全都消亡。
What he has done has nothing to do with us.
他所做的事情与我们无关。
That there is life on another planet is almost impossible.
在另一个星期上有生命几乎是不可能的。
Who killed the young man remains a question.
谁杀死了这个年轻人仍然是一个问题。
When we will hold the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
我们何时召开会议还没有决定。
Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.
我们能否控制住洪手还不能肯定。
Which team will win the football match is still unknown.
哪支队会赢得足球赛还不知道。
Why he didn’t tell the truth wasn’t quite clear.
他为什么不说实话，还不清楚。
以上例句中的主语从句都是放在句首，但是，有时主语从句太长时，如果放在句首，会使句子显得笨重。因此，我们常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句挪到后面去。可用it作形式主语的主语从句常见结构有：
⒈It is+adj./n.+that-clause.
It’s a pity that… 遗憾的是……
It’s possible that… 可能是…….
⒉It is said/reported that……据说/据报道…
⒊It seems/happened that…似乎/碰巧……
例如：It is possible that he misunderstood what I said.
他可能误解了我说的话。
It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.
据报道洪水过后很多人无家可归。
It happened that I was free that day.
碰巧那天我有空。
whatever,whoever也可以引导主语从句。
Whoever comes will be welcome. 无论谁来都会受到欢迎。
Whatever she did was right. 不管她做什么都是对的。
三、同步测试
（一）单项选择
⒈Don’t always ______ your own opinion.
A.stick B. stick to C. stick in D. insist in
⒉His mistakes _____ his failure.
A. led to B. led of C. lead on D. lead for
⒊The Second World War broke out in _____ when Einstein was in ______.
A. the early 1940s; the USA B. 1937; Switzerland
C. the late 1930s; the USA D. the thirties; France
⒋My sister ______ an invitation but she didn’t _____ it.
A. accepted; receive B. received; accepted
C. accepted; accept D. received; accept
⒌By the time I ______ the bus station, the bus _______.
A. got to/left B. reached/has left
C. arrived/has gone D. left/arrived
⒍_____ five years _____ the book about pollution.
A. It spent him/to finish B. It spent him/finishing
C. He spent/finishing D. He spent/to finish
⒎Facing this _____ problem, I found myself _____ about how to work it out.
A. puzzled; puzzled B. puzzled; puzzling
C. puzzling; puzzled D. puzzling; puzzling
⒏In the daytime the stars are not seen to twinkle ______.
A. in a apace B. in the space C. in space D. on space
⒐______, paper was first made in China.
A. It is known to all B. We all know
C. It is known that D. As it known to all
⒑______ we will go to the beach tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. Why B. If C. Where D. Whether
⒒Nobody knew _______.
A. where he comes B. where he was from
C. where he is from D. where does he come from
⒓Computers can only give out _____ has been stored in them.
A. that B. which C. what D. anything
⒔She wanted to know ______.
A. whether I knew her and where did she work.
B. if I knew her and the factory she worked there.
C. whether I knew her and the factory she worked.
D. if I know her and the factory where she worked.
⒕It doesn’t matter _____ I rest or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
⒖The trouble is ______ we are short of tools.
A. what B. that C. how D. which
⒗That is ______ there appears a rainbow in the sky.
A. what B. when C. why D. however
⒘The thought ______ he might fail in the final exam worried him.
A. which B. that C. when D. /
⒙_____ I will accept the gift is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. What D. Which
⒚_____ wants the book many have it.
A. who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
⒛The problem is _____ will go.
A. that B. that who C. who D. whoever
（二）阅读理解
A
In the year 2000, the world is going to have a population of about 8 billion(十亿). Most scientists agree that the most severe problem is food supply.
Who is going to feed all those people? Where is the food going to come from? Are we going to have enough food? Are we going to produce more artificial(人选的) food?
One way of improving the situation is for people to eat less meat. Why? Because it takes 4 kilos(公斤) of grain protein(蛋白质) to produce half a kilo of meat protein. Clearly, there is not going to be sufficient meat protein for 8 billion people. Gherefore, it will also necesssary to change eating habits because meat is the main part of many people’s food today.
A possible solution to this latter problem is the soybean.(大豆) The soybean plant produces beans which have a very high fat and proteim content. Scientists can now make these look and taste like real meat. They can also make many other artificial products such as soybean milk, for example, which has a taste of milk and can be used in cooking in very much he same ways as cow’s milk. In fact, one woman in the United States fed her family only on soybeans for year! She gave them soybean beef, soybean chicken, soybean milk, and sometimes just soybeans. Possibly, we are all going to eat soybeans in the future and finally give up meat completely from our tables.
⒈What is the main subject of the passage?
A. A solution to man’s food problem.
B. A solution to the population problem.
C. Advantages of soybean.
D. How to develop good eating habits.
⒉According to the passage, meat will completely disappear in the future because _____.
A. people have to spend too much time energy to produce it
B. too much grain protein is needed to produce it
C. it contains too much fat and protein
D. it is no good to the health
⒊According to the passage, the main part of food that many people are eating today is ____.
A. soybeans B. grain C. meat D. milk
⒋In this passage, “artificial food” refers to food made from _____.
A. milk B. grain C. protein D. soybeans
⒌Soybean meat is similar to real meat _____.
A. in appearance but not in taste.
B. neither in appearance nor in taste.
C. both in appearance and in taste.
D. in taste, but not in appearance.
B
It is true that times are changing for the old people in Brtain. But not all the changes are bad ones. Modern medicine, for example, has made old people healthier than ever before. Aother advantage is that there are many more old people than there used to be. This means that old people often have a good social life with their own clubs and organizations. Old people, too, have more money now than their own parents and grandparents had.
The biggest disadvantage of modem life is loneliness. The young leave home when they grow up and many old people live alone. Fewer old people have brothers and sisters. An old person’s one or two children may have moved to another part of the country.
Even when they live nearby, the young people have their own work to do and their own children to look after. They have not much time for the old. Problems of loneliness often start when people stop work. When people retire they often find it difficult to start a new life without their jobs.
The world has changed so fast since 1900 that it is difficult for old people to understand the problems of the young. And the world is changing even faster these days than it was fifty years ago. It makes you thing, doesn’t it? What will it be like when today’s young people are old?
⒈To the old people, the changes in society are ______.
A. better than they expected
B. not as good as they wish
C. both good and bad
D. difficult to understand
⒉According to this passage, the old people today ______.
A. often go to clubs with their brothers and sisters
B. prefer lonely life to social life
C. live more happily than their parents and grandparents
D. like to share their feelings and thoughts with other people
⒊Although some old people live near their sons or daughters, ______.
A. they still feel lonely
B. they want to move to other places
C. they have no time to look after the young people’s children
D. they like to live with their own brothers and sisters
⒋In the last century, old people did not have so many problems because ______.
A. they had big families
B. they lived with their children
C. the young were king to the old
D. the society didn’t change so rapidly
⒌What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Modern society only belongs to the young.
B. Modern life has brought new problems to the old.
C. Today’s young people are happier than their parents.
D. It is necessary to take better care of the old people.
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit15.doc
标题 A famous detective（著名侦探）
章节 第十五单元
关键词 高二英语第十五单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
单元双基学习目标
Ⅰ. 四会单词和词组：have a seat , quarrel , long before , dare , upon , fasten , gun , again and again , blow (n .) , hall
三会单词和词组：personal , affair , relative , delay , pillow , nail , chest , pay … a visit , furniture , armchair , pet , doubt , silence , in silence , living room , strike , scream , snake , tiny , nephew , niece , connect to
Ⅱ. 交际英语：
1. I’m afraid I have to go now .
2. It is time sb + 动词的过去式
3. I hope you have a good journey back to …
4. It was nice to meet you .
5. Please remember me to sb请代我向……问好
6. I called to tell you that …
7. I’d like you to meet …
8. Thanks again for calling .
9. It is very kind of you to do …
10. I have to see to . 我必须处理 。
Ⅲ. 语法重点：
本单元复习过去分词作定语和状语的用法。过去分词可以作名词的前置定语，也可以作名词的后置定语。当过去分词作状语时，要注意其逻辑主语的问题。
另外要学习同源宾语的用法，如：( page 2 Unit 13 )
Einstein ( lived ) the rest of his ( life ) quietly in the USA . ( 爱因斯坦在美国静静地度过了余生 ) 。其中宾语 life 与 live 是同源的名词，即同源宾语 ( cognate object ) 。这是中学英语课本中十分常见的语法现象，这种宾语用在某些不及物动词之后，并往往有定语修饰，现举例如下：
1 . My grandmother lives a happy life in the countryside . 我的祖母在乡下过着幸福的生活。
2 . Premier Zhou Enlai fought a hard fight against “Gang of Four” . 周恩来总理与“四人帮”进行了一场艰苦的斗争。
3 . He breathed his last breath last night . 昨天夜里他咽了最后一口气。
4 . He laughed a hearty laugh at the good news . 听到好消息后他开心地笑了。
5 . Chris will sing us a pop song . 克莉斯将给我们唱首流行歌曲。
6 . Her son died a hero's death in the war . 她儿子在战争中英勇牺牲了。
7 . She sleeps a sweet sleep only on Sundays . 只有在周日她才能甜美地睡一觉。
8 . I dreamed a pleasant dream last night . 昨天夜里我做了个愉快的梦。
9 . My father signed a deep sign . 我父亲深深地叹了一口气。
10 . My mother smiled a happy smile when I passed the entrance examination .当我通过了入学考试时，我妈妈幸福地笑了。
【指点迷津】
单元重点词汇点拨
1. delay推迟；耽搁
What delayed you so long yesterday ?
The train was delayed one hour by the accident .
〖点拨〗without delay毫无耽搁地，立即。after a delay of two hours延迟两个小时以后。
注意：delay + -ing推迟干……。如：I’ll delay answering his letter until I feel like writing .
另外，put off + ing推迟干……。如：They put off holding the sports meet .
2. quarrel争吵；吵架
He had a quarrel with his wife about / over the housework .
〖点拨〗quarrel with sb about / over sth因为……向某人争吵
3. dare与need
dare 和 need 这两个词的用法有它们独特的地方。词性有两种而且不同的词性决定了它们不同的用法。对中学生来讲掌握它们的用法有一定的难度，无论教师从理论上如何解释，但同学们在具体运用中都会出现浮光掠影，若明若暗，零乱残缺，张冠李戴的现象。这两个词难就难在对词性的判断，它们可以作为情态动词用(其后不带 to)，又可以作为行为动词用(后面要带 to)。为了便于区分其词性和掌握用法，同学们可以采用下面的口诀帮助记忆。
〖点拨〗口诀：“dare , need 真奇怪，既行为(指行为动词)又情态(指情态动词)，是行为，把 to 带(指其后用不定式)，是情态，把 to “卖”(指其后去掉 to，只用动词原形)。若 need (= want ，require) 的主语是某物，愿与 -ing (= to be done)结姻缘。”
请做以下练习：
1） Something is wrong with my watch . It needs ____ .
A . to repair B . repairing C . repaired D . being repaired
2） I ____ to ask the teachers for advice in the office .
A . dare not B . not dare C . dare don't D . don't dare
3） He ____ come to school to give us a lecture on how to learn English .
A . need B . need to C . needs D . to need
4） She ____ do so .
A . won't dare B . dare not C . will dare to D . not dare
5） We ____ to think it over before we take action .
A . needing B . needs C . need D . needed
［答案与简析］1 ― 5 BDABC 。第一题选B；某物作 need 的主语，后面应用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。第二题选D；dare 用作行为动词，其否定形式应为“助动词+ not dare to do sth . ”第三题选A；need 用作情态动词，其后跟动词原形。第四题选B；dare 用作情态动词，直接加 not 表示否定。第五题选C；need 用作行为动词，主语是人称代词，其后应该是 need to do sth .
4. furniture (总称) 家具
A lot of furniture will be bought for you .
〖点拨〗furniture是不可数名词，表示件数要用量词piece / set 。如：three pieces of furniture三件家具。
5. doubt怀疑；疑虑
I have no doubt that he will pass this examination .
〖点拨〗beyond doubt = out of doubt毫无疑问。
用于肯定句时用doubt if / whether …。用于否定句时用doubt that 。
单元词组思维运用
1. have a seat = take a seat坐下
Entering the hall , he had a seat in the corner .
Have a seat and make yourself at home .
注意：have a seat用于直接引语。
2. long before = long time ago很久以前
She said that she had known your name long before .
注意：It wasn’t long before是一个常用句型，意为“不久”。before long不久以后
3. pay … a visit = pay a visit to对……进行参观；对……进行访问
That basketball team will pay Europe a visit before long .
注意：表示状态的“在……参观；在……访问”用on a visit to 。如：These singers have been on a visit to Africa for a month .
4. in silence静静地 = silently
She alone sat under the tree in silence , looking straight forward .
5. again and again = over and over反复地；再三地
The student made the spelling mistakes again and again .
6. connect to连接；相连
Please connect the two speakers to the amplifier .
注意：connect with与……相连接；与……有联系。如：She is connected with the Smiths .
7. see to处理；负责
I have some personal affairs that I have to see to .
Will you see to turning off the lights ?
8. have a good / pleasant journey一路顺风；一路平安
I hope you have a good journey back to Guangzhou .
9. fasten … to… 把……栓在……；把……系在……
He fastened a rope to a post .
10. do repairs维修；修理
A few building repairs were done a week ago .
We must do a lot of repairs on the house before we move in .
11. no matter不要紧；没关系
It’s no matter whether he will come or not .
注意：在It doesn’t matter 中，matter是动词。
12. from that moment on从那一刻起
13. a long wait等很久
There will be a long wait before the next train comes .
Word came at last after a long wait .
14. in the dark在黑暗中
It was hard to find your pen in the dark .
15. be supposed to do应该干……
We are supposed to gather at the school gate at 7:30 .
16. a length of一段
She bought two lengths of silk .
What is the length of the report ?
17. send for派人去请；派人去取
I’ll send for the magazine tomorrow .
If bitten by a snake , you should send for help and don’t walk .
18. fire back开火还击
No one was allowed to fire back unless the order was given .
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
单元难点疑点思路明晰
1. I've got some personal affairs that I have to see to . 我有些私事非处理不可。
〖明晰〗1) affair, business 作“事物”讲时，这两个词的意义很相近，常可通用。
Mind your own affairs (business) . 少管闲事。
business不能用复数，而affair特别是指重大或头绪较多的事务时，常需要复数，在下面的句子里，这两个词不能通用。
Each Ministry of Foreign Affairs lodged a protest with the other . 双方外交部向对方外交部提出抗议。
Business before pleasure . 先办正事，再谈娱乐。
2)see to有“注意，照料，保证，修理，诊治”等意思。例如：
Your shoes need seeing to . 你的鞋得修补了。
You ought to have your eyes seen to by a doctor . 你应该请医生治眼睛。
2. I dare say my uncle will . I have no other relatives . 我认为我叔父会得到这笔钱，我没有其他的亲戚。
〖明晰〗1)I dare say 的意思并不是“I dare to say”，而是和“也许”几乎同义或者等于“我想”。
I dare say you're right . 我看大概是对的。
I dare say it will come later . 我想它以后会来的。
2)dare用作情态动词时，后接动词原形，主要用于疑问句和否定句或者表示不肯定意义的各种从句中。例如：
Dare you ask him ? 你敢问他吗？
I dare not go there . 我不敢去那儿。
That is as much as I dare spend . 我只敢花那么多的钱。
3)dare作主动词时是规则动词，用法如下：
a)表示“敢”，后接动词不定式，也可省去to。例如：
I don't know how he dares to appear in public .
I've never dared go back to look . 我从来不敢回去看一下。
3. I think it will be necessary for me to pay you a visit and see where you live . 我想有必要去拜访你，看看你住在什么地方。
〖明晰〗1)句中的it用作形式主语。例如：
Is it necessary for us to meet/necessary that we meet ?我们有见面吗？
2)pay a visit (to someone or something)/pay (someone or something) a visit表示“（短时间）访问（某人，某物）”；“参观（某物）”。例如：
Shall we pay your brother a visit this afternoon ?
4. Do you see that hole high up in the wall, about 18 cm by 9 ? 你看到墙壁上方那个大约18厘米宽，9厘米高的洞没有？
〖明晰〗1)句中的high用作副词，指的是高矮；而highly表示很高的程度（意思往往是 very much）。
The plane flew high above . 飞机高高地在上空飞。
An eagle circled high overhead . 一只鹰在头上高高盘旋。
The goods on display are all very highly priced . 这些展销货物标价都很高。
He speaks very highly of the boy's behaviour . 他十分赞赏孩子的行为。
2)about 18 cm by 9用作后置定语，修饰that hole，介词by表示面积、 体积的长、宽、高。例如：
The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet . 房间宽十五英尺，长二十英尽。
5. Dr Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room . 我和华生就锁在你的房间里过夜。
〖明晰〗1)第一人称单数I与其他人连称用时，通常的词序是，第二、三人称代词在前， 第一人称代词在后。例如：
You and I can do it . 我和你都能做这件事。
You, Tom and I are to leave tonight . 我、你和汤姆今晚得离开。
2)句中的过去分词locked用作方式状语。例如：
Just then the old man entered (supported) by his son . 就在这时， 老人由儿子扶着走了进来。
He turned away (disappointed) . 他失望地走开了。
She went home (exhausted) . 她回到家时已精疲力尽了。
6. Immediately Holmes jumped up from the bed and struck a match . 福尔摩斯立即从床上跳起，划燃一根火柴。
〖明晰〗The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise . 那位年轻的女士一听到响声就冲入房间。
第一例句中的 immediately 用作副词， 表示“立刻， 立即”； 第二例句中的immediately用作副词，表示“一……就……”，类似的说法还有instantly, directly, the moment, the minute, the instant等。例如：
I'll go there directly (=as soon as) I have finished my breakfast .
The moment I saw you I knew you were angry with me .
【妙文赏析】
A teacher asked his students some challenging ( 难以回答的，具挑战性的 ) questions to find the most intelligent ( 聪明的 ) students . His first question was:
“ What can you get with one penny that can be used by the whole class for about an hour ? ”
After a while an answer came from a clever girl .
“ I can get a candle . The whole class can be lit up ( 照亮 ) with its light . ”
The teacher praised the student for her smart answer before asking the second question .
“ What can you get with one dollar which can be used by the whole class for a whole year ? ”
An answer came from monitor of the class .
“ If we put a calendar ( 挂历 ) on the wall , we can use it for a whole year . ”
After warm applause of admiration ( 羡慕的掌声 ) , the teacher presented his third question:
“ What can you get without paying anything that can be used for your whole life ? ”
This time there was no immediate response ( 答复 ) .
“ You get your name free of charge and you use it all your life . ” Again the clever girl won applause from the whole class .
Now came the teacher's last question:
“ What can you get which can be used after your death ? ”
Immediately he saw his favorite student open her mouth .
“ A coffin ( 棺材 ) , Sir . ”
【思维体操】
根据短文内容，在每个空白处填写一个适当的词（首字母已给出）：
It was a cold evening . Old Hill was in the ward（牢房）a____(1) . He was put there for stealing some v____(2) jewellery in a shop . He knew he would be in p____(3) for more than five years . C____(4) was coming and the other prisoners（囚犯）were set free . He couldn't talk with n____(5) . The policemen who guarded（看守）him were b____( 6) buying the presents for their families and friends . He lay down on bed, and he could not fall a____(7) though he often felt t____(8) when he tried to earn some money for his family .
Suddenly the old man h____(9) some noise . He sat up at once. The door o____(10) and in came two policeman. They put a young man into the ward, l____(11) the door and left. Old Hill looked at the young man up and down, who w____(12) the nicest clothes. “He must be from a r____(13) family, ”Old Hill said to himself. “But for what has he been b____(14) here too ?”
“What happened to you, young man ?”he asked .
“I was out of l____(15) this morning,”said the young man.“I had a puncture（扎穿）.”
“It's an o____(16) accident, I think. Did you drive over a n____(17)?”
“No, a wine bottle.”
“You were too c____(18) ! But you haven't broken any l____(19) , in my opinion.”
“But the drunkard（醉汉）who was l____(20) in the street had it hidden in his coat !”
答案与分析：
Old Hill由于偷盗贵重的珠宝被关进了监狱。圣诞节快到了，牢房里只剩他一个人，他感到很寂寞。突然两个警察把一个年轻人关进了牢房。他打量那个衣着讲究的年轻人，可以判断他出身一个富有家庭。他问年轻人是为何被关进监狱。年轻人说他的汽车轮胎被酒瓶扎破了。Old Hill认为那也不犯法。最后年轻人拐弯抹角地说，那个酒瓶是在一个躺在街道上的醉汉的大衣里的（意思是他从醉汉身上碾了过去）。
1. 从后面所讲的别的囚犯都释放来看，Old Hill一个人在牢房里，要填alone。2. 从上下文可以得知，Old Hill由于偷盗贵重的珠宝才被关进监狱的。因此，应填valuable。3. Old Hill偷盗了贵重的珠宝，就得在监狱里呆五年多。应当填prison。4. 从监狱的看守买礼物来看，是圣诞节到了。故应填Christmas。5. 另外几个囚犯被释放了，牢房里只剩Old Hill一个人，他也就无法和任何人说话了。应填nobody。6. 那些警察在圣诞节以前，忙于给亲友买礼物。应当填busy。7. Old Hill感到寂寞，躺在床上也睡不着，要填asleep。8. Old Hill在挣钱养家的时候，自然很劳累。所以，应当填tired。9. 牢房有别的人，因此只要有动静，Old Hill就会听到的。应填heard。10. 门开了人才会进来。故应填opened。11. 警察在关进囚犯之后，先锁了门才能离开。要填locked。12. 那个年轻人自然是穿着好衣服。应填wore。13. 年轻人穿着讲究，当然是出身有钱人家庭。要直rich。14. Old Hill不知道那个年轻人为何也被带到监狱来。故应填brought。15. 年轻人认为他不走运，才出了那件事。应当填luck。16. 汽车轮胎扎破并不是大事故，而是一件很普通的事情。因此，应当填写ordinary。 17. 一般情况下，汽车轮胎扎上钉子，才会被扎破的。要填nail。18. 年轻人说他从一个酒瓶上驶过去，才把轮胎扎破了。Old Hill 就说他太粗心了。要填careless。19. Old Hill认为，年轻人从洒瓶上驶过去也不犯法，故应填law。20. 从年轻人的回答可以看出，那个醉汉是躺在街道上的。实际上， 他的汽车从醉汉身上驶过去了。这也是他被带到牢房的原因。要填lying。
三、智能显示
【心中有数】
单元语法发散思维
过去分词作定语、状语
〖思维〗一、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语时，单个分词一般放在名词之前，分词短语必须放在名词之后，这种情况与现在分词作定语时相同。例如：
Her job was to take care of the (wounded) soldier .
We are doing our (written) exercises .
The machine (run by the old worker) is made in Shanghai .
2.过去分词作定语时，多表示已完成的动作，但有时其所表示的动作却尚未完成或有待于将来完成。例如：
The houses (built in the 19th century) has been on fire for half and hour. （动作完成）
the workers demand (increased) wage . （尚未完成）
3. 及物动词的过去分词还可用来表示被动， 但也有少数动词（如fall, escape, boil等）的过去分词作定语时，只表示完成。例如：
the man spoken to（别人与之讲话的那个人）
boiled water（开过的水，表完成）
〖思维〗二、过去分词作状语
1.过去分词可用来作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况的状语。
1)表时间。例如：
(Heated), the metal expands .这种金属加热后会膨胀。
(Asked) why he did it, he said it was his duty .
2)表原因。例如：
(Born in the village), he knows a lot of people there .
3)表条件。例如：
(United), we stand; (divided), we fail .团结则存，分裂则亡。
(Given more time), I can do it better .
4)表让步。
Although (exhausted) after a long journey, he continued to work .
5)表方式或伴随情况。例如：
The professor stood there (surrounded) by many students .
〖思维〗三、尤其需要注意的是：过去分词无论作什么状语，其逻辑主语应是主句的主语。
1.【误】Seen from the mountain, we found the building is very small .
【正】Seen from the mountain, the building is very small .
2.【误】Written carelessly, he made a serious mistake in the letter .
【正】Written carelessly, the letter had a serious mistake .
【动脑动手】
单元能力立体检测
一、过去分词精练
1. The programs ____ (put) on yesterday evening were really wonderful.
2. ____ (send) to the hospital immediately, the wounded soldier was saved.
3. You'd better not get the plastic bags and boxes ____ (burn), for it will give off some harmful gas and pollutants into the air.
4. The firefighters are trying their best to rescue all the people ____ (trap) in the fire.
5. ____ (encourage) by the teacher's words, the boy was determined to work harder and make greater progress.
6. The little girl was very ____ (frighten) at a frightening voice.
7. They found the house ____ (break) into and rang up the police at once.
8. The bridge that was ____ (build) twenty years ago needs repairing.
9. If ____ (give) more time, we could do it better.
10. ____ (excite) at the good news, he could not go to sleep.
11. The manager had every room ____ (examine) carefully.
12. Unless ____ (invite), I won't go to the ball tomorrow.
13. ____ (destroy) in the earthquake, the equipment doesn't work.
14. ____ (absorb) in the research work, he had no time to make any trip.
15. In the paper is a carefully ____ (decide) policy.
16. The first film ____ (direct) by her was very popular with the public.
17. The students have cleared away the ____ (fall) leaves.
18. I saw a lot of banners ____ (hang) from public buildings.
科目 英语
年级 高三
文件 high3 unit10.doc
标题 The Trick (计谋)
章节 第十单元
关键词 高三英语第十单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
■ 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Prediction , Conjecture and Belief (预见、猜测和相信)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套语
1. I guess she's gone to visit some friends in another town . 我想她是去另一个城镇拜访朋友去了。
2. That's possible , but we can't be sure . 那有可能，但我们不能确定。
3. Something may have happened to her . 很可能他发生了啥事。
4. She might have + done … 她有可能已经……
She might have left for holiday . 她有可能去度假了。
5. She must have + done …
She must have gone to the public library . 她一定是去公共图书馆了。
6. It seems that … 好象……
It seems that she has known the examination marks . 好象她已经知道了考试的结果。
7. It looks as if … 好象……
It looks as if the boy is anxious about his sick father . 那个男孩好象很为有病的父亲担忧。
8. Obviously she's gone somewhere to stay . 很显然她去别的某个地放了。
9. I 'm sure … 我可以肯定地是……
I 'm sure that you will be given a warm welcome . 你放心，你肯定能受到热烈的欢迎的。
10. In actual fact , I think you're right . 实际上， 我倒认为你是对的。
11. I can't guess how much it costs . 我猜不出要多少钱。
12. Can you guess his age ?
13. He must come from the northwest . 他一定是来自西北。
14. You must be joking ! 你一定是在开玩笑 ！
15. They must have arrived by plane . 他们一定是乘飞机来的。
16. I seem to have caught a cold . 我似乎得了感冒。
17. It seems that he's not in at the moment . 他现在好象不在家里。
18. There seems no need to grow now . 现在似乎没有必要去了。
19. It appears to be endless . 似乎没有止境。
20. You appear to have travelled quite a lot . 你似乎去过了不少的地方。
21. It appeared that she had a taste for music . 她似乎很喜欢音乐。
22. I believe it to be true . 我相信这是真的。
23. I don't believe that it matters too much . 我认为这事关系不大。
24. There seems to be a good film tonight .
25. It seems that the petrol prices will increase this summer .
26. He can't have saved much money . 他不可能节约了很多的钱。
27. It's obvious that we are running out of our food . 很显然我们的食物快用完了。
● Model Dialogues 交际示范
A：Excuse me , Where are you from ?
B：Can you guess ?
A：You must come from Australia , don't you ?
B：Yes , I do . How did you guess ?
A：The way you speak ! Which part of Australia are you from ?
B：Plumtree . That's a small village near Sydney .
A：Hello . May I speak to Mr Wu ?
B：Sorry he has gone to Guangzhou .
A：I saw him this morning . When did he leave ?
B：Twelve o'clock . He must have arrived by now .
A：Oh , what a pity ! When will he be back ?
B：It seems that he won't be back until next Wednesday .
A：Ok , thanks . Bye !
B：Bye !
■ 单元核心句型剖析
1. ( Lesson 37 ) It's not like her to have missed two days of classes .
一两天不来上课，她不是这样的人。
〖剖析〗It's (just) like sb to do sth “某人（恰恰）就是这个样子”，表示表扬或者不满，其否定式则表示怀疑。如：
It's like him to leave the work to others . 他就是把工作推给别人的人。
It was like him to fail us at the last minute . 他就是这样，在关键时刻让我们失望。
It's just like her to think of others before thinking of herself . 她恰恰就是先人后己的人。
It isn't like him to have said anything like that .他可不是说出那种话的人。
It isn't like her to have spent so much money . 花掉这么多钱，我看这不像她做得出来的事。
◆ 下面两句不一样：It's not like her to have missed two days of classes .
一两天不来上课，她不是这样的人。（不上课的事已经发生）
It's not like her to miss two days of classes .
她不是那种两天不来上课的人。（并未发生过不上课的事，只是泛泛而谈）
◆ to have missed 是非谓语动词的完成式，表示动作早已完成。是高考测试中的重要知识点。又如：
（1）It isn't like him to have told a lie to the manager . 他不是给经理撒谎的那种人吧。
（2）I'm glad to have seen your headmaster yesterday .
（3）He is said to have written a novel about the Long March . 据说他写了一本关于长征的小说。
（4）They thought it a pity not to have invited them . 他们认为没有邀请他们是令人遗憾的。
（5）I regretted to have missed such good chances . 我遗憾的是错过了这些好机会。
2. （Lesson 39 ）The moment he entered the room , Bill fixed the chain across the door . 比尔一进入房间，就用链条把卧室的门扣上。
〖剖析〗这是复合句，其句型为：the + 时间名词 + 时间从句 + 主句。the moment … 表示“一……就”，相当于 as soon as 。注意从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。如：
We started the moment we got your telegram .
The moment I heard your voice I knew that you were very angry with me .
The moment he comes , let me know .
The moment you set foot on Chinese soil you will see what great changes have taken place in the past 5o years .
◆ 在中学英语中，一些名词词组具有连词的作用，现归纳如下，供同学们学习参考。
◇ the + 瞬间名词 (instant , moment , minute , etc . ) ，意为“一……就……”。例如：
The instant the result came out she told us about it . 结果一出来，她就告诉了我们。
The machine starts the moment the button is pressed . 一按电钮，机器就开动了。
◇ the + 季节名词 (spring , summer , autumn , winter)。例如：
He came back the autumn his sister got married . 他妹妹结婚的那年秋天他回来了。
Jack went to Beijing the winter his mother was ill . 他妈妈有病的那年冬天杰克去了北京。
◇ the + 序数词 + time。例如：
The second time we met , he replied to a lot of questions . 我们第二次见面时，他回答了不少问题。
He came to see my mother the first time he came to London . 他第一次到伦敦就来看我母亲。
◇ 不定代词 each , every , any + time。例如：
Each time he came to Paris he would visit the museum . 他每次到巴黎都要去参观那个博物馆。
You're welcome to come back any time you want to . 你什么时候回来，我们都欢迎你。
◇ the + day , week , year……。例如：
He called on me the day he arrived . 他到的那天来看我了。
Tom didn't go to school the week the teacher was ill . 老师生病的那个星期，汤姆没去上学。
◇ 其它词组。例如：
I didn't see how he could act the way he did . 我不懂他怎么能那样做。
He doesn't study hard the way his elder brother does . 他不像他哥哥那样努力地学习。
■ 单元语法难点排除
直接引语变间接引语的 10 个注意点
本单元的语法要求是复习间接引语（Indirect Speech）和直接引语( Direct Speech )。同学们要通过本单元系统掌握表示请求或者命令的直接引语（祈使句）变成间接引语的方法。掌握当直接引语是一个陈述句时，在变成间接引语时应把这个陈述句变成由连词 that 引导的宾语从句，并根据意思改变人称和时态以及时间或者地点状语。下面是必须灵活驾驭的知识要点：
〖注意点 1 〗直接引语到间接引语的时态有变化。如直接引语的现在完成时变成间接引语的过去完成时等。时态变化中应注意：
直接引语表述的是客观真理时，间接引语中的时态不变。
Our teacher said , “The earth moves around the sun . ” →
Our teacher said that the earth moves around the sun .
直接引语是过去完成时，变间接引语时时态不变。
The boy said to his parents , “I had finished my homework before supper .”→
The boy told his parents that he had finished his homework before supper .
直接引语变成间接引语时，虚拟语气不变。
“We wish we didn't have to take exams . ”said the children . →
The children said that they wished they didn't have to take exams .
〖注意点 2 〗 指示代词、人称代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词也有变化。如直接引语中的 now变为 间接引语的 then 等。
注意如果转述发生在当地、当天的事，直接引语中的 come , here , today , this morning , yesterday , tomorrow 等不必改变。
He said , “I want this . ”→ He said that he wanted that .
He said , “I arrived yesterday morning .” → He said he had arrived the morning before .
He said , “I'll come here this evening .”→ He said he would come here this evening .
〖注意点 3 〗直接引语是陈述句，间接引语为 that 引导的宾语从句。
She said to me , “I'm studying Japanese these days .”→
She told me (that)she was studying Japanese those days .
〖注意点 4 〗 直接引语是一般疑问句时，间接引语为whether / if 引导的宾语从句。
Mr Howe asked , “Are you preparing for it ?”→
Mr Howe asked whether we were preparing for it .
如果是表示建议时可用 suggest / advise 来完成。
“Shall we meet at the theatre ?”he said . → He suggested that we should meet at the theatre . = He suggested meeting at the theatre .
〖注意点 5 〗 直接引语是特殊疑问句时，间接引语为连接代词（副词）引导的宾语从句。
He asked , “Which one do you like best ?”→ He asked which one you liked best .
〖注意点 6 〗 直接引语是反意疑问句时，间接引语为 whether / if 引导的宾语从句。
He asked , “You have succeeded , haven't you ?”→ He asked us if we had succeeded .
也可以将疑问部分的主语作间接引语中的宾语。
“Shut the door , will you ?”→ He told / asked me to shut the door .
〖注意点 7 〗 直接引语是祈使句时应把间接引语的句式改为 ask , tell , order 等+ 宾语 + 不定式。间接引语有时可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。以 let 开头的祈使句变间接引语时要选用 suggest + ing ， suggest + that 从句，ask sb to do , advise sb to 。
The Party secretary said , “Let's do our best to win still greater victory .”→ The Party secretary advised that we should do our best to win still greater victory .
〖注意点 8 〗直接引语是感叹句时可以用 what / how 引导。间接引语是祝愿时用 wish 。
“ How fast he runs ! ”he said . → He said how fast he ran . = He said that he ran very fast .
He said ,“Happy new year ! ”→ He wished me a happy new year .
〖注意点 9 〗 直接引语中有多种句式时，间接引语按照各自的句式转换。
“I can hardly hear the radio .”he said .“Could you turn it up ?”→
He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked me to turn it up .
〖注意点 10 〗如果直接引语中后一句说明前一句的原因时，可以用 as 来替代第二句的引导词。
“You'd better wear a coat . It's very cold outside .”he said .→
He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold outside .
【指点迷津】
■ 单元重点新词透视
1. pause 作名词或者动词是“ 中止，暂停”
He often paused in his speech . 他讲演时常常停下来。
He made a short pause and then went on reading . 他停顿了一下，然后接着读下去。
〖测试要点〗
(1) 辨析 pause 和 stop
pause 是短暂的中断或停止。stop 是突然、断然的终止。
He stopped talking with his friends . 他停止与朋友交谈。（stop + ing 停止干）
He stopped to talk with his friends . 他停下来与朋友交谈。（stop + to do 停下来干）
The foreign guests paused to look round the park . 那些外宾在公园里停下来看看四周。
He began to speak but suddenly stopped .
The speaker paused for breath .
Jane paused to look into a shoe window . 简停下脚步，看一看橱窗。
（2）词组：at pause 中止，停顿。make a pause 停顿一下。without a pause 没有休息。pause on / upon 在……停顿一下。
2. aloud 大声地；出声地
She cried aloud for help . 她大声呼救。
Read the text aloud please . 请朗读课文。
〖测试要点〗辨析 aloud , loud , loudly
aloud 强调发出的声音虽然不一定很大，但能听得见，不是窃窃私语。aloud 没有比较级。
He read the letter aloud .
He reads the story aloud to his young son . 他朗读那篇故事给他小儿子听。
He laughed loudly . 他大笑起来。
think （out） aloud 自言自语
She has a good pronunciation when she reads aloud .
loud 作副词 = loudly ,“响亮地，大声地，高声地” 但强调发出的音量大，传得远的声音，一般多用于动词 speak , talk , laugh , read 等的后面。loud 还作形容词，有比较级和最高及。
In order to be heard , the teacher speaks loud and clear .
We shouted as loud / loudly as we could . = We shouted at the top of our voices / lungs .
Speak louder , please . I can't hear you .
You are talking too loud .
He told us that in a loud voice .
All of us dislike loud music .
Will you please speak a little louder ?
loudly 作副词是“响亮地”，强调“喧嚣”之意。
Suddenly , the bell on the wall rang loudly .
Someone knocked loudly at the door .
The bomb exploded loudly (= with a loud noise ) .
3. fear 作名词或者动词“害怕，恐惧，担忧”
She feared for the little boy's safety .
There is no fear of his losing his way . 他不会迷路的。
I fear that I am late . = I'm afraid that I am late .
I have a fear that we will be late . = I'm afraid we will be late .
〖测试要点〗
(1) 用于简略回答中。
―Is she going to die ?
― I fear so . 恐怕如此。
A: Will he get well ?
B: I fear not . 恐怕不会好了。
(2) for fear (that) 由于害怕，生怕，以免。后跟的从句中用情态动词 might , would , should 。
I took an umbrella with me for fear (that) it should rain . 我因为怕下雨而带雨伞去。
4. aircraft 飞机；航空器（包括飞机、直升机、滑翔机、飞艇、热气球等）；飞艇
The airline has ordered 25 new aircraft . 这家航空公司定购了 25 架飞机。
〖测试要点〗
aircraft 是集合名词，单复数一样。在测试中必须注意不要在其后加 -s 。
by aircraft 用航空器（注意中间不要加 the ），相当于 by plane , by air , by airplane , by aeroplane 。
5. flight 楼梯的一段。
He lives two flights up . 他住的地方还要再上两段楼梯。
She fell down a flight of stairs . 她从一段楼梯上摔了下来。
〖测试要点〗辨析 flight 和 stair
flight 是“一段楼梯”。stair 是“一层后台阶”。可见 flight 范围大于 stair，也就是说，flight 是由一层一层的stair 组成。另外，flight 还作“飞行，飞翔，航班，射程”讲。
How long is the flight to New York ?
She took the two o'clock flight to Chicago . 她搭两点飞往芝加哥的航班。
Did you have a good flight ? 这躺飞机还好吧 ？
The flight of stairs wants repairing .
His room is three flights up . 他的房间在 3 段楼梯上面。
■ 单元重点词组扫瞄
1. be worried about 为……发愁，焦急，担心
He was worried about / over her health .
2. turn up 出现；向上翻；扭亮灯，开大音量
He promised to come but hasn't turned up yet . 他答应来，但还没有露面。
She turned her nose up at the idea . 她对这个主意翘起了鼻子。（表示蔑视）
He turned up the ends of his trousers . 他卷起了裤腿。
Please turn up the radio a little . It's too low .
Something unexpected may have turned up .
〖测试要点〗会辨析使用由 turn 构成的词组：
turn against 背叛。turn away from 把脸从……转过来。turn back 折回，把……逐回。turn down翻下衣领，调小，关小。turn in 归还，递交。turn off 关掉。turn on 打开。turn over 翻倒,仔细考虑。turn to 转向，求助于。by turns = in turn(s) 轮流，依次。take turns at +doing 轮流干。
We take turns at cooking . = We cook by turns .
They sang on the stage in turn .
We drove the car by turns . = We took turns at driving the car .
The key you lost has turned up . 你遗失的钥匙已经找到。
I turned to him for advice .
A big wave turned over the fishing boat .
It turned out that two passengers had been killed .
Everything turned out well . 一切顺遂。
Don't turn on the TV now .
Turn off the lights before you go out .
Please turn down the television .
We had better turn back now , for it is getting dark .
She turned away and cried .
Nothing can make me turn against my company .
3. at least = at the least 至少
The food wasn't good but at least it was cheap .
注意区别：not in the least 一点也不，丝毫不。
He is not in the least angry .
4. What / How + about … 干……怎么样？……好吗 ？
How / What about a cup of coffee ?
〖测试要点〗What / How about 后可接名词 （或者动名词、代词）
How / What about taking a walk ?
How about going to Qingdao for our holidays ?
Some of them have gone . How about the others ?
What about us having a break under the tree ?
5. in actual fact = in fact = in reality = as a matter of fact = actually 其实，事实上
I thought she was six , but in actual fact , she's only four .
1. pick up 得到，获得，收听到，拾起，中途让某人上车
This kind of radio can pick up the programmes broadcasting by BBC. 这种收音机接受 BBC电台的节目比较容易。
He had picked it up from a research station in the desert the day before . 这是他前一天从沙漠地区的研究所取来的。
2. glance over = glance ( one's eyes ) over 随便看一看，浏览 。
Oh , he didn't study it . He only glanced over it . 噢，他没有研究过它，只粗略地看了一看。
glance over 有时相当于 look over , glance through。在课文中的 … then glanced over his shoulder before continuing down the street . (然后他回头望了望，就又沿街走去。)
最好一段中的 glance at 为“对……瞥一眼”。He glanced at his watch once again .
3. have a sudden thought 突然想出一个主意
I still remember he had a sudden thought in time of danger . 我至今记得他当时在危险的紧急关头想出了办法。
have … thought of / about 有……的办法，有……想法，有……打算
I had no thought of hurting his feeling . 我无意伤害他的感情。
I had some thoughts of going to the countryside . 我想到乡下去。
Have you got any thoughts about next weekend ? 你下周有啥打算 ？
4. in a flash 瞬息，刹那间
In a flash he remembered everything and a plan began to form in his mind .
An idea formed in my mind in a flash . 我脑子里闪出一个想法。
5. hold out 伸出，拿出
He held out his hand and stopped a taxi . 他伸手拦了一辆出租车。
6. on one's arrival ……一到达
On his arrival he went straight to the counter . 他一到达就径直向服务台走去。
7. in uniform 身着制服
Do you know the man in uniform over there ? 你认识那边身着制服的人吗 ？
8. appear calm 外表显得很镇静（注意这里 appear 是系动词，故后接形容词 calm ，不要用 calmly ）
9. with fear 害怕地
10. have a look around = look around = look about = look round 环顾四周
11. follow sb upstairs 跟某人上楼 (注意upstairs 为副词，其前不要加 to ）。又如：go upstairs / downstairs
12. break into 非法进入，破门而入；闯入
We had to break into the room as we had lost the key .
This box looks as if it's been broken into . 看来这箱子有人撬过。
13. walk over to 走到……处
14. by name 名叫；指名道性地
The assistant , Tom by name , is asking to see you . 一个名叫汤姆的售货员要求见你。
He call call all his students by name . 他能叫出所有学生的名字。
by the name of 名叫，以……身份
A friend of mine by the name of Mike will be your manager . 我的一个名叫迈克的朋友要成为你们的经理。
15. walk around 在……随便转转
16. with sunglasses = wear sunglasses 戴着墨镜
17. smile to oneself 暗自微笑
The man with the beard smiled to himself .
Bill smiled to himself and began to feel less anxious .
I saw Mary smile to herself as she read the funny article .
注意类似的表达还有： think to oneself 暗想，say to oneself 自言自语。
18. take the lift to the fourth floor 乘电梯到四楼
19. get in a taxi 上出租车。get out of a taxi 下出租车。
20. say one's name aloud 大声说出某人的名字
1. make a lot of money 赚一大笔钱
2. for a moment 一下子，片刻，一会儿
注意：for the moment 目前，暂时
3. get on the aircraft to 乘飞机去……
4. It is perfect for 对……妙极了
5. force sth open 强行打开
注意：open 作宾补。如：The boxes of precious stones were forced open . 一箱箱宝石被强行打开。
6. break off 打断，折断，突然停止，休息，绝交
He broke off a branch and gave it to me .
Tom broke off telling the story to answer the telephone . 汤姆讲故事时突然停下来，去接电话。
She broke off with her best friend . 她与自己最好的朋友断绝了往来。
Let's break off for ten minutes . = Let's have a rest for ten minutes .
7. a flight of twelve stairs 一节 12 级台阶
8. turn round / about 转身，转向
They turned round and stood in the middle of the room , completely astonished .
9. lead up to 向上通到……
10. be curious about 对……好奇
11. escape from 从……逃离
12. make a telephone call to 给……打电话
13. play a trick on 给……开玩笑
14. be ashamed of 对……感到惭愧
15. as busy as a bee 忙忙碌碌
16. a flash of lightning 一道闪电
17. be supposed to do 应该干 ……
1. not do any shopping 不买任何东西
2. send a telegram to sb 给某人发电报
3. shake with fear 吓得直哆嗦
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
●从单元中词汇中的“静”说起
第 28 课中出现了 calm (镇静的，沉着的)，除calm 表达汉语“静”外还有：quiet , silent , peaceful 和 still。现就其用法归纳如下：
1. 形容天气的“温和”、“平静”、“寂静”时，这四个词基本通用。如：
a calm day 平静的日子，a quiet night 寂静之夜，a silent , moonless night 一个寂静、没有月亮的夜晚
2. 形容湖、海、洋的“平静”用 calm , quiet 和 still。如：
The sea is very calm . 海面很平静。
The high wind passed and the sea was calm again . 大风过后，海又平静下来。
The waters of the lake were quiet yesterday . 昨天湖面平静。
Still waters run deep . 静水流深。
3. 形容人的“冷静”、“镇静”用calm。如：
Keep calm ! 冷静点!
He is always calm even in times of trouble .
He seemed to be calm , but that deceived nobody . 他看上去是一副镇静模样，但其实谁也骗不了。
4. 形容人的“静默”用 quiet , silent。如：
He remained quiet throughout the meeting . 整个会议期间他保持沉默。
5. 形容人的性情温和、文静用 quiet。含没有明显的运动和声音。如：
a quiet girl 文静的女孩
My parents are quiet people . They never go out in the evening . 父母爱静，晚上从不外出。
This hospital lies in a quiet street .
6. 形容人“静止”用 still。still 含寂然不动，鸦雀无声。如：
Please stand still while I take your picture . 我为你拍照时，请站好别动。
Right now you need to stay still . 现在你需要静静地呆着。
The boy couldn't keep still in the doctor's chair . 孩子在医生的椅子上一刻也坐不住。
7. 表达“安静”，quiet , silent , still 都能用。如：
Be quiet / silent . 请安静。
a quiet room 安静的房间
The audience was quite still . 全场听众几乎鸦雀无声。
The town was still in the early hours of the morning . 清晨时刻整个城镇静静的。
The building was usually very quiet . 那楼通常很安静。
体会下面表人时他们之间的区别：
They stood calm ( quiet , silent , still ). 他们镇静地（安静地、默不作声地、一动不动地）站着。
● 当心试题中的“分离现象”
解题时，经常会遇到这类题目，原句式结构或动词短语等被某些成份分离，或出于语法上的需要而使其从原结构中分离出来，从而增强了试题的干扰性，加大了试题的难度。碰到此题目时，不能被其表面现象所迷惑，必须从句子的整体结构去理解，看清试题的本来面目。
◇ 主谓被分隔造成谓语动词的误用。
在主谓之间加入一个介词短语或一个从句，往往会使考生误把介词宾语作为主语或把从句中谓语当成主句谓语，造成谓语动词的误用。如：
All but one ____ here just now .
A . is B . was C . has been D . were
该题答案为D，但考生往往把 one 看作主语，误选B。
The day we looked forward to ____ at last .
A . come B . came C . coming D . comes
由于把人句中 looked forward to 看作谓语，故错选了C。实际上本句是缺少谓语，应选B。
◇ 从句被状语分隔，造成关系词与连词的误用，或由于行文需被分隔造成错误。
在先行词与定语从句之间加入一个时间状语或地点状语，易使考生误把地点或时间当成先行词而误用关系词。同位语从句与其同位的名词被分隔，易造成连词的误用。如：
I met the teacher in the street yesterday ____ taught me English three years ago .
A . which B . when C . where D . who
若把 yesterday 误当作先行词，会导致错选B，而其实 teacher 是先行词，应选D。
The news has come from Beijing , ____ an important meeting is being held there .
A . where B . in that C . that D . which
若把 Beijing 看成先行词，则会导致其后面的从句误看作定语从句而错选A。实际上逗号后的句子是 news 的同位语从句，答案应为C。客中结构是为了保持句子的平衡。
◇ 习语中间插入其他词造成分隔，导致用词搭配错误如：
We waited ____ line for the bus .
A . for B . in C . on D . with
此句易受习语 wait for 的影响而误选A，其实句中 wait for 已被分隔，应选B。
◇ 因倒装而引起的分隔造成谓语动词的误用。
有些倒装句易使考生误判句子主语而错用了谓语动词。如：
At that time on it ____ 2200 people .
A . was B . is C . are D . were
若把 it 看成主语，则会误选A。其实主语为 people , 应选D。
◇ 其他分隔引起的错误。如：
We'll do all we can ____ them .
A . help B . to help C . helped D . have helped
由于定语从句用了省略形式，往往把 can 当成从句谓语的一部分，导致误选A。其实这是不定式用作目的状语，应选B。
◇ 定语从句中的分离现象
There are 800 students in the playground of our school , 55% ____ are girls .
A . of them B . in them C . of which D . of whom
此题考查的是非限制性定语从句，先行词和定语从句被地点状语分隔开来，故选D。若此题改逗号为分号，则应选A，因为分号表示前后两句意义上相互联系，结构上相对独立。
He is one of those students who , I am sure , always do ____ best .
A . his B . their C . my D . one's
从表面上看答案似乎是C，但如果注意到前面的 who , 答案就明确了。此题定语从句中的关系代词 who 和谓语动词 do 被 I am sure 分隔开来了。因此正确答案为B。
◇ 连锁疑问句中的分离现象
____ would you say ____ be done ?
A . Why , it should B . Why , should it
C . What , should it D . How , that it should
此题不少学生错选D。原因是不了解此结构是连锁疑问句。其结构为“疑问词+一般问句+特殊问句的其余部分”，往往用来征询对某一疑问点的判断、认识、看法、猜度等。在这种问句中一般问句部分常见的动词有 think , guess , say , suppose , hope , imagine , believe等。此题中疑问词被移至句首，故选A。
― I haven't heard from him for a long time .
― What do you suppose ____ to him ?
A . was happening B . to happen C . has happened D . had happened
粗心者十有八九会选B。实质上此题也是一种连锁疑问句，特殊问句中的 what 移至句首。该句强调的是过的动作对现在造成的影响，因此用现在完成时，故选C。
◇ 动词短语中的分离现象
If better use is ____ your space time , you'll make greater progress in that .
A . spent B . taken C . made of D . used for
此题正确答案为C。乍一看，选C似乎不可思议，认为“be made of”应是“由……制成”之意。实质上此题考查的是短语“make use of”的用法，use 从原结构中分离出来充当条件句中的主语，因此谓语动词用被动式。
What idea can a man who is blind from birth have ____ colour ?
A . of B . in C . for D . with
不少学生误选B，认为“在颜色这方面”。其实此题考查的是“have (some , little , no…)idea of”结构。其中 who is blind from birth 是修饰 a man 的定语从句。该句中的“what idea”是疑问词被移至句首，故选A。
◇ 不定式复合结构中的分离现象
Who did the teacher have ____ an article for the wall newspaper just now ?
A . written B . writing C . write D . to writer
做此题时，首先要理清句子结构，理解 have 的确切含义， have 在此句中意为“请(让、叫)”。该句考查的是“have sb . do sth . ”结构，have 的受动宾语疑问词 who 被移至句首，故选C。
Whom had you better ____ it ?
A . to let do B . let to do C . to let to do D . let do
此题考查两种结构的用法：1 . had better do sth . ; 2 . let sb . do sth . 。此题题意为“你最好让谁做这件事呢 ? ”let 的受动宾语 whom 移到了句首，故选D。
◇ 主谓一致中的分离现象
Everybody in our country , men and women , old and young , ____ sports and games .
A . enjoy B . were enjoying C . enjoys D . are enjoying
此题主语和谓语被同位语分隔了。同位语对主语只起修饰、解释、说明的作用，不影响 everybody 的单数性质，故此题选C。
Miss Green as well as Mr and Mrs Green ____ devoted ____ spare time to the research work .
A . has ; her B . have ; their C . have ; her D . has ; their
此题正确答案为A。当主语后面跟 as well as , with , together with , but , including , besides 等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词和其前面的名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。
【妙文赏析】
科普系列阅读 （二）
◆ Rockets in the Sky
What is the sky ? Where is it ? How high is it ? What lies above the sky ? I am sure that you have asked questions like these . They are very difficult to answer , aren't they ?
Perhaps we can answer some of these questions now . What is the sky ? It is vast space . Where is the sky ? It is all around the world . In the sky there is the sun , the moon , and all the stars .
Scientists have always wanted to know more about space . They use telescopes to obtain information . But this is not enough . So they want to send men to some of the other worlds in space .
The moon is the nearest heavenly body to the earth . An airplane cannot fly to the moon , because the air only reaches a height of 240 kilometres . Then there is no air . But a rocket can fly even when there is on air .
A rocket is made of metal there is a hot gas inside it . When it rushes out of the end of the rocket , the rocket is pushed up into the air .
Rockets can fly far out into space . Rockets have already taken men to the moon . One day they may be able to go anywhere in space.
NOTES : ⑴ vast adj . 广阔 ⑵ obtain v . 获得
EXERCISES: 请回答下列问题
⑴ What is the sky and where is it ?
⑵ In order to know more about space , what did scientists do ?
⑶ Why can't we fly to the moon in an airplane ?
⑷ what pushes a rocket up into the air ?
⑸ Can we be sure men will be able to go anywhere in space one day ?
〖译文与答案〗
空中火箭
天空是什么？它在哪儿？它有多高？天空的上方存在着什么？我确信你问过类似这样的问题。这些问题是很难回答的，不是吗？
或许现在我们能够回答这些问题中的一些。天空是什么？它是广阔的空间。天空在哪里？它遍及全球。天空中有太阳、月亮以及所有的星星。
科学家们总是想更多地了解太空。他们用望远镜来获取信息，但这是不够的。因此他们要把人送到太空中的其他星球上去。
月球是离地球最近的天体。飞机不能飞到月球上去，是因为飞机只能到达 24 万米的高度，再往上就没有空气了，但火箭即便在无空气时也能飞行。
火箭由金属制成，里成有一种热的气体，气体从火箭末端冲出来时，火箭被推向空中。
火箭能够飞出地球进入太空。火箭已经载人到了月球。会有那么一天，它们也许能够进入太空的任何地方。
答案：⑴ The sky is vast space and it is all around the world . ⑵ They used telephones to obtain information and they wanted to send men to some of the other worlds in space . ⑶ Because the air only reaches a height of 240 kilometres , then there's no air . ⑷ A rocket is made of metal . There's a hot gas inside it . When it rushes out of the end of the rocket , the rocket is pushed up into the air .
◆ Flying
Men have always wanted to fly like birds . Birds can fly easily because they are light , but men's bodies are heavier .
Men first went up into the air in balloons . These are big bags , and they are filled with gas . Hydrogen is a useful gas for balloons . It is lighter than air . Helium is also lighter than air , but it costs a lot of money . So balloons were (and are ) usually filled with hydrogen .
Balloons have to fly with the wind as they have no engines to drive them against it . Later , men made airships . These were balloons with engines , but they were also filled with hydrogen and some of them caught fire because the hydrogen escaped and the engines heated it . Then the airship was completely burnt in a few seconds .
Aircraft with wings now take people across the world . Powerful engines drive these machines across the sky . Some of the engines are like the engines of cars , but they are more powerful .
There is another kind of engine which we call the jet engine . An English engineer invented the jet engine . In May 1942 his new engine was fixed in an aircraft , and the aircraft flew quite well . At the same time he Germans were also building a jet engine ; but neither country told the other , of course .
Jet engines are very powerful . Usually two , three or four are enough for an aeroplane ; but some big aircraft have six . Anyone in a moving jet plane can feel the power of the engines . Jet planes can travel faster than sound (Sound travels at about 1100 feet a second . That is about 760 miles an hour .) As a flying jet plane leaves its noise behind it , we do not hear it until it has gone .
Notes : ⑴ hydrogen n .氢气 ⑵ helium n . 氦气 ⑶ be filled with 充满
Exercises : 请回答下列问题
⑴ Which costs more money , balloons filled with hydrogen or those filled with helium ?
⑵ What were airships ?
⑶ Why did some of the airships catch fire ?
⑷ When was the first jet engine fixed in an aircraft ?
⑸ How many jet engines are usually enough for an aeroplane ?
〖译文与答案〗
飞 行
人类总想像鸟一样地飞行。鸟儿能够轻易地飞行是因为它们身体轻，但是人类的躯体可就重多了。
人类最初是通过气球进入空中的，这些气球是充满气体的大袋子。氢气对于气球来说是一种有用的气体，它比空气轻多了。氦也是一种比空气轻的气体，但是它太昂贵了，因此气球通常都是装满氢气的。
由于气球没有发动机来作动力，所以气球不得不顺风飞行。后来，人类创造了飞艇，它们是具有发动机的气球，但不是圆的，而是长的，发动机在后面。它们也是被充满氢气；其中一些不幸失火，是由于氢气泄漏后发动机加热而引燃，几秒钟之后，飞艇就整个燃烧起来。
现在有翼的飞机可以带着人们穿越世界，强有力的发动机载着机器横过天空，一些发动机就像小汽车一样，但比它们的功率大得多。
还有一种我们称之为喷气式装置的发动机。一位英国工程师发明了这种喷气式发动机。1941 年5月，他发明的新发动机安装在一个飞机里，这个飞机飞行得很好。与此同时，德国人也建造了一个喷气式飞机发动机，当然两个国家都没告诉对方。
喷气式发动机马力很大。通常在一个飞机里装有两个、三个或四个已经足够了，但一些大的飞机要装六个。在一个正在运动着的喷气式飞机里，任何一个人都可以感觉到这些发动机的力量。喷气式飞机的速度要比声音的传播速度快（声音一 秒钟传播约1100英尺，也就是1 小时传播760 英里）。一个飞行着的喷气式飞机只有它飞过后我们才可听到噪声。
答案：⑴ Balloon filled with helium . ⑵ Airships were balloons with engines , but they were not round .They were long , and the engines were at the back . ⑶ Because airships were also filled with hydrogen and some of them caught fire because hydrogen escaped and the engines heated it . Then the airship was completely burnt . ⑷ In May , 1941 . ⑸ Usually two , three or four are enough for an aeroplane , but some big aircraft have six .
【思维体操】
It happened in a small village . The weather was bad and the farmers couldn't get good harvests . Most people were poor and few of them could send their children to school . Only Robert whose uncle was a policeman and worked in a town was in school for three years . So he thought himself the cleverest man in the world and always looked down upon others . One evening the young man went out for a walk and saw several farmers talking under a big tree . He joined them and soon he thought they were all foolish .
“Well , Mr Know-all , ”said an old farmer . “Are you good at guessing any riddles ?”
“Yes , I can guess all kinds of riddles !”the young man said without thinking .
“Please listen to me , then , ”said the old man . “Mr Smith has seven children . Autumn came and the apples were ripe . So he sent one to hold the ladder , two to pick apples and three to take the fruit home . And how many stayed at home ? ”
Mr Know-all thought for a long time and answered , “One ! ”
“You are wrong , ”a little boy returned . “Two persons stayed at home ! ”
All the farmers began to laugh at the young man . And do you know why ?
〖释疑〗There were eight people in the house (Mr Smith and his seven children ) . The farmer sent six to work in the garden . So there were two people left at home .
三、智能显示
【心中有数】
■ 单元热点测试突破
易错常考的“情态动词+ have done”结构
在本单元出现了多处 “情态动词+ have done”表达推测。如：Something may have happened to her . 该结构经常用于 NMET 测试中，请同学们勿必引起高度的重视。下面是常见的形式：
◇ must + have done (have been doing) 表示对过去情况的推测，只用于肯定句，意思是“一定……”。对过去的否定推测用 couldn't have + done 。对现在的否定推测用 can't be 。
Her eyes were red , she must have been crying . 她两眼通红，一定一直在哭。
You must have left your handbag in the theatre last night , I think . 我想你一定把手提包丢在剧场了。
He can't be Li Ming . Li Ming is taller than him by a head .
She couldn't have gone to the cinema yesterday afternoon , because he was staying with us all the day long .
◇ should (ought to) + have done 表示“本来应该做而实际上没做”，其否定式则表示“本来不该做而实际上做了”，常含有责备的语气。
You should have been here five minutes ago . 五分钟之前你就应该到这里了。
How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied . 我多么懊悔我本应该好好学习的日子都玩掉了!
◇ could + have done 表示“本来有能力做而实际上没有做”。
― We could have walked to the station , it was so near . 这么近，我们完全能走着来车站。
― Yes . A taxi was not at all necessary . 是呀，根本不必搭车的。
I could have won if I hadn't fallen over . 要不是摔倒，我准能赢。
◇ needn't + have done 表示“本来不必做的事，实际上做过了。”
I got up early , but needn't have done so , because I had nothing to do that morning . 那天早上我起得很早，可我根本不必起这么早，因为我无事可做。
You needn't have written such a long article . The teacher only asked for 300 words , and you have written 600 words . 你没有必要写这么长的文章，老师只要求写300字，你写了600字。
◇ would like to have done 表示“本来希望做而却未做的事”。
I'd like to have gone to college . 我要是上大学就好了。
I'd like to have seen his face when he opened the letter . 我真想看到他拆信时的脸色。
◇ can (could) + have done (have been doing) 表示对过去情况的推测，只用于否定和疑问句中，意为“一定没有……，一定不会……”。用 could 比用 can 语气更加委婉些。
He couldn't have gone to bed , you see , the light in his room is still on .
他一定还没有睡，瞧他房间的灯还亮着呢。
Where is Dick ? Where can he have gone ? Can he have been working ? 狄克在哪儿呢 ? 他会去哪儿呢 ? 他能一直干活吗 ?
◇ may (might) + have done (have been doing) 表示对过去的推测，多用于陈述句，意思是“可能……”。用 might 比用 may 语气更加委婉。
I may have misunderstood him . 我可能误解他了。
She might have taken the book with her , I suppose . 我想她可能把书带走了。
They might have been quarrelling about the problem the whole day . 对于那个问题他们可能一天都争论不休。
◇ would / should + have done 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反。should 只用于第一人称，would 用于各人称。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number . 如果知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
There be 推测句型。其结构形式为：There + can / could / may / might / must + sth ./ sb . 。
该句型表达的是对“存在”的一种状态进行的猜测。
There must be many students in the classroom . 教室里一定有许多学生。
【动脑动手】
■ 中视图文好题快递
NMET 语境选择 100 题
1 . ― What are you doing ?
― I'm looking ____ the children . They should be back for lunch now .
A . after B . at C . for D . up
2 . The teacher told the class to ____ their books , for they would have a test .
A . put away B . put by C . put on D . put up
3 . I wonder what has brought ____ this remarkable change in their relationship ?
A . along B . away C . about D . around
4 . I can hardly hear th radio . Would you please ____ ?
A . turn it on B . turn it down C . turn it up D . turn it off
5 . He must ____ the south , for he likes to have rice for meal .
A . come along B . come over C . come from D . come to
6 . Still , he ____ his post , reporting the water level to the headquarters every fifteen minutes .
A . came to B . stuck to C . devoted to D . got to
7 . By reading quickly , I ____ the book before the library closed .
A . could be finishing B . could have finished
C . could finish D . can finish
8 . ― Must I get through the business in one evening ?
― No , you ____ .
A . mustn't B . haven't C . needn't to D . don't have to
9 . ― Where ____ my umbrella ?
― Somebody ____ it away by mistake .
A . is , must have taken B . is , must take
C . was , must take D . is , takes
10 . The teacher knows a lot about Shanghai . He ____ there before .
A . must be B . must go C . must have been D . must have gone
11 . ― Will your brother stay here tonight ?
― I'm not sure . He ____ shopping tonight .
A . must go B . can go C . may go D . will go
12 . ― Did Jim come ?
― I don't know . He ____ while I was out .
A . might have come B . has come
C . must have come D . should have come
13 . Why didn't you make me a telephone call yesterday ? I ____ about it .
A . should be told B . ought to have been told
C . should have told D . ought to be told
14 . ― Hurry , Mary ! You ____ on the phone .
― Oh , I'm coming . Thank you .
A . want B . are being wanted C . are wanted D . are wanting
15 . How long have you been in Beijing ? I ____ you ____ here .
A . didn't know were B . didn't know , had been
C . don't know , are D . haven't known , are
16 . ―Hasn't Professor Zhou arrived yet ?
― No , but I ____ he ____ here by this time .
A . thought , would be B . think , is
C . thought , was D . think , will be
17 . ―You've agreed to go , so why aren't you getting ready ?
― But I ____ that you ____ me to start at once .
A . don't realize , want B . don't realize , wanted
C . haven't realized , wanted D . didn't realize , wanted
18 . ― Look at this! I ____ some old pictures and ____ this baby picture .
― Is it a picture of you ? It's so lovely .
A . was going through , found B . am going through , find
C . went through , had found D . had gone through , find
19 . ― Where have you been all the time ?
― I came back at noon and I ____ in this room since .
A . have been B . was C . had been D . have gone
20 . She ____ for ten hours at least . It was at nine that she fell asleep last night .
A . slept B . had slept C . has slept D . was sleeping
21 . Don't get that ink on your shirt , for it ____ .
A . won't wash out B . won't be washing out
C . isn't washing out D . doesn't wash out
22 . ― We spent all our money because we stayed at ____ most expensive hotel in town .
― Why didn't you stay at ____ cheaper one ?
A . the , a B . a , a C . the , the D . a , the
23 . ― What would you like to eat ?
― I don't mind . ____ ―Whatever you've got .
A . Something B . Everything C . Anything D . Nothing
24 . My eyes are getting tired . I ____ for two hours . I think I'll take a break .
A . have read B . read C . have been reading D . am reading
25 . It's foolish to have a taxi ____ you can easily walk to the station .
A . if B . that C . where D . when
26 . Harvard , ____ in 1636 , is one of the most famous universities in the United States .
A . set B . formed C . discovered D . founded
27 . ____ you like to see the movie tonight ? I ____ meet you at the gate of the Student Center .
A . Would , will B . Would , can C . Do , must D . Will , could
28 . There was a ____ change in the weather , and the rain came pouring down .
A . quick B . fast C . slow D . sudden
29 . ― Excuse me , can I use your ruler ?
― ____ .
A . No , you can't B . I'm sorry , but I'm using it C . Yes , you could D . I'm afraid you couldn't
30 . I ____ at the station half an hour ago , but the train ____ yet .
A . arrived , didn't come B . was arriving , hadn't come
C . arrived , hasn't come D . had arriving , didn't come
31 . ― Did you visit many places while you were in the States ?
― Yes , ____ .
A . only a few B . only few C . quite a few D . quite few
32 . ― The manager is away .
― Who is taking ______ of the company ?
A . charge B . place C . part D . position
33 . ― Can he lend me some money ?
― I regret to tell you he is ____ you .
A . not rich as B . no more rich than
C . no richer than D. not richer as
34 . ― My goodness! I just missed my flight .
― That's too bad , but I am sure you ____ it if you ____ .
A . had caught , had hurried B . could have caught , had hurried
C . could catch , would hurry D . could have caught , hurried
35 . The small company I had worked for was closed a few months ago , and I am now still ____ a job .
A . looking at B . looking for C . looking up D . looking after
36 . Tom came back with a message ____ there would be a test soon .
A . when B . which C . as D . that
37 . Emily stopped her car ____ a black cat ____ across the street .
A . to let , run B . letting , run C . to let , running D . letting , running
38 . They tested the new medicine ____ doing experiments ____ rabbits .
A . on , with B . by , for C . in , to D . by , on
39 . Sheila , ____ we had been waiting , finally arrived .
A . who B . whom C . for whom D . for which
40 . He is getting better . ____ is no need to send for a doctor .
A . came he B . he came C . did he come D . he did come
42 . ____ many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
A . Having told B . He had been told
C . Though he had been told D . Having been told
43 . If you drive from the airport , go on the motorway and follow the ____ to the city .
A . points B . signs C . plans D . ways
44 . I don't have any ____ but to do as you tell me .
A . way B . choice C . chance D . means
45 . Did you see that ____ involving two cars and a bicycle ?
A . accident B . incident C . danger D . happening
46 . The writer was always looking for suitable ____ to use in his next story .
A . contents B . articles C . ideas D . objects
47 . I'm sorry , David . It wasn't my ____ to cause a quarrel between you and Joanna .
A . point B . meaning C . intention D . view
48 . His wide ____ of the newspaper world enabled him to make a success of his job as an editor .
A . career B . experiment C . experience D . profession
49 . I am sorry you told him the secret . I wish you ____ him the secret .
A . didn't tell B . wouldn't tell &
科目 英语
年级 高三
章节 第十三单元
关键词 高三英语第十三单元
文件 high3 unit13.doc
标题 高三英语第十三单元
内容
（三）语言训练课
Ⅰ教具 投影仪
Ⅱ课堂教学设计
1. 教师检查课文复述。
2. 教师从本单元词语中选择部分常用词语，配以例句介绍给学
生。要求学生反复练习这些例句，并请同学造句，教师予以讲评、订正。
1） be content with
You should be content with what you have.
Farmers are very content with their life at present .
He was very content to have this second-hand car.
2)lead to
Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.
The test is bad because it leads to incorrect learning.
This idea in teaching might lead to a new method.
3）prove
In order to prove the servant’s honesty she left a bag containing some money on the table.
On the long journey he proved himself to be an amusing company.
Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.
4)work out
We must work out a better method of saving paper.
Mary worked out a beautiful design for a sweater.
He settled down at the desk to work out the difficult maths problem.
5)stick to
If you stick to the truth, you have nothing to fear.
I stick to what I said yesterday.
He never sticks to anything for very long.
6)respect n./v
Children are taught to respect their parents and teachers .
You should always show respect to old age .
If you don’t respect yourself ,how can you expect others to respect you?
7）take sides(in/with)
Switzerland refused to take sides in the two World Wars.
Everybody in the office takes sides in the argument.
Despite my friendship with Frank,I tried not to take sides with him in his brother.
8)advance v./advanced adj.
I signed him to keep away,but he continued to advance.
He was considered as an advanced worker.
May I advance my opinion on the matter?
He read widely among the most advanced thinkers of his age.
3.教师用投影仪打出以下表格，学生利用课文中所提供的信息填写表格，从而介绍伟大的科学家爱因斯坦的生平及他一生对人类所做出的巨大贡献（表见下页）
七八分钟后，请几位同学根据所填写的内容讲述，教师予以讲评。鼓励学生将自己整理的内容连在短文。
4.布置作业1）预习第14单元；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。
Say something about the great scientist Albert Einstein by filling up the form:
In
1879
Born in Germany
When he was a young boy,
Used to ask lot s of questions , didn’t enjoy school, found it hard to get along with others
By the time he was 14
Learned maths all by himself
From the year he was 17
Studied in Switzerland ,earned money to go no with his studies.
In 1905
Received a doctor’s degree
Between 1905~1915
Began the research and studies leading to his new discoveries
In 1918
Received world-wide praise for his research
In 1921
Won the Nobel Prize for physics;gave talks in many countries
In 1933
Left Europe for the USA;accept the job as a professor ; asked for little money ;never interested in becoming rich
In 1940
Took American nationality,spent time working for human rights and progress
In 1955
Died at the age of 76
科目 英语
年级 高三
文件 high3 unit14.doc
标题 Roots (根)
章节 第十四单元
关键词 高三英语第十四单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
在本单元，同学们通过阅读课文“Journey into the unknown”和“Roots”，可以了解18 ? 19世纪白人捕捉和贩运黑人作奴隶及虐待他们的罪恶历史。
About “Roots”
“Roots” is a well-known novel written by an American author ― Alex Haley , which was a best seller in the USA in the 1970s . “Roots ”is mainly about Haley’s family history , which covers seven generations’ history . In order to find out how his ancestors got to America , Haley did a lot of research and traveled around the USA and Africa looking for information about his ancestors . At last , in Gambia he got to find his roots ― Kunta and a group of the blacks who were caught and sold to America as slaves about 200 years ago .
The novel also describes what his ancestors suffered from during the journey to the USA . “Roots” was published in 1976 and Haley won the Pulitzer Prize in 1977 . Also he became world-famous .
单元双基学习目标
Ⅰ. 词汇学习
四会单词和词组：reason (v .) , roll over , give out
三会单词和词组：in chains , daylight , from generation to generation , worthwhile
Ⅱ. 交际英语
expressing wishes , hope and desire
1. I wish to do … / I am going to do …
2. I want / hope / would like to … ; I intend / mean / plan to do …
3. I would do it if I had the chance .
4. If only I could do …
5. I wish I could do …/ I wish I had …/ I wish I were …
6. I wish you every success .
7. Good luck !
8. I feel like doing sth
9. I’m ready to do …
10. I would rather not tell you .
11. I have been looking forward to doing …
12. I’ve always dreamed of …
13. So do I .
Ⅲ. 语法学习
在本单元，同学们将对it的用法作以系统归纳，并具体理解高考中对it的测试热点。
【指点迷津】
单元重点词汇点拨
1. reason vi . 评理；劝说；推断为；说服
I reasoned that he was lying . 我断定他在撒谎。
〖点拨〗reason sb into doing = persuade sb into doing = persuade sb to do说服某人干……。reason sb out of说服某人不干……。
另外要注意当reason作名词时常用于：The reason (why) … is that …。the reason for sth和 the reason to do sth是“……的理由。”
The reason (why) he got ill was that he didn’t pay attention to his health .
The reason why we don’t trust him is that he has often lied .
2. worthwhile值得的 ；值得花费时间和金钱的
She was offered a worthwhile job .
〖点拨〗It is worthwhile + to do (或者 ?ing ) 。如：It’s worthwhile visiting the museum . = It is worthwhile to visit the museum .
注意下面的“值得”表达：be worth doing ; be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done 。
如：The article is worthy of careful study . = The article is worthy of being studied carefully . = The article is worthy to be studied carefully . = The article is worth studying .
单元词组思维运用
1. roll over翻滚
The boys rolled over on the snow . How fun it was !
2. give out分发
All the new textbooks have been given out .
注意：give out还作“发出，放出；发表；精疲力竭；耗尽”。如：
The news was given out this morning .
The teacher’s patience at last gave out .
His strength gave out soon .
3. be born a free man生来是一个自由人
4．be in chains戴着镣铐
put sb in chains给某人戴上手铐脚镣
5. be fixed to被固定到……
Will you please make sure the button has been fixed to the board ?
6. be in pain疼痛
7. cry softly to oneself独自轻声哭泣
8. be hit on the head被击在头部
When the thief tried to escape , a woman hit him on the head behind him .
9. reason with sb与某人理论
10. What was to become of them all ? = What would happen to them all ?
11. Worst was to come . 更糟糕的事要发生。
12. run the length of the ship从船的这一头延伸到另一头
13. fall sick with fever因发烧而病到
14. cry out for sth叫喊要某物；哭着要；恳求
Don’t take any notice of Johnny ; he cries out for nothing .
注意：cry out against大声疾呼反对。cry out大声呼喊。如：
The woman in the water cried out “Help !”
The people cried out against the unfair decision of the court .
15. once in a while偶尔，有时候
We go for a picnic in the park once in a while .
Once in a while the dog would run away , but usually he stayed in the yard .
16. open wide开大，睁大
What’s wrong with you ? First , Open you mouth wide , please . Let me take a look at your tongue and throat .
17. in daylight在阳光中
注意：at daylight黎明时。before daylight黎明前。
18. chain / tie sb up = put sb in chains把某人铐起来
19. on one’s arrival某人一到达
On his arrival he set about correcting the compositions .
20. make copies of抄写
21. pass down传下来；传送；传递；遗传
The skill has been passed down over four generations .
22. from generation to generation一代一代地
注意：from one generation to another = generation after generation = from generation to generation
23. go back over centuries追溯几个世纪以前
24. come to a sad part讲述一段伤心的事情
25. play the role of扮演……的角色
He is good at playing the part of Maozedong
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
单元难点疑点思路明晰
1. Born a free man，he was now in chains . 他生来就是个自由人，现在却戴上了镣铐。
〖明晰〗(1) Born a free man为过去分词短语作状语，相当于一个让步状语从句的省略。完整句子为：Although he was born a free man . 再如：Beaten black and blue，he didn't go down on his knees . 虽然被打得遍体鳞伤，他仍不屈膝投降。
(2) in chains / irons 戴着镣铐；在囚禁中。如：
He was in chains and disgrace . 他被囚而受辱。
All the murderers in chains will soon be sentenced to death . 所有戴着镣铐的凶手很快就要被判处死刑。
已学过的由“in ＋ 名词的复数”的介词短语如：
in pairs 成双地 / in circles 围成圆圈形 / in tears 哭着
One man had a head wound and was in pain . 一个人头部受伤，非常疼痛。
had a head wound＝be wounded in the head
in pain 疼痛难忍。已学过的由“ in ＋ 名词的单数”的介词短语， 如： in public公开地 /in silence无声地 / in battle 在战斗中…
2. What was to become of them all，he wondered .他感到纳闷，他们的下场将会怎样呢？
〖明晰〗(1) become of (人或事物的)结果是；使遭遇。如：What will become of her now that her husband has died ? 她丈夫一死，真不知她的遭遇将如何。
What has become of the book I put here yesterday ?我昨天放在这儿的书哪去啦？
(2) he wondered 置于句尾作插入语，意思是“他想知道”。
3. Worse was to come.更糟的事就要发生了。
〖明晰〗worse adj. (bad的比较级)更坏的、更差的、更恶化的。常用句式有：to make the matter worse (＝and what is worse 或worse than all更糟的是。worse在本课作名词“更坏的事”，如：I have worse to tell. 我还有更坏的事要说。 Worse cannot happen.事情不可能更坏了。
4. They had rough weather, and Kunta's back bled from rolling over on the hard wooden boards . 途中天气非常恶劣，由于在硬木板上滚来滚去，昆塔的背流出了血。
〖明晰〗(1) bled 是动词bleed(流血)的过去式。如：His wound bled freely.他的伤口大量出血。/ He is bleeding like crazy from the stomach.她腹部流血不止。
(2) roll over从(边)上滚下；翻转；滚翻。如：
The policeman rolled the body over to look for the missing gun . 警察把尸体翻过来寻找失踪的手枪。
I had to hear Beethoven before I could ask him to roll over . 我得先听一下贝多芬曲，才能请他把唱片翻过来。
5. The moment he reached the country , he started his search . 他一到那个国 家，就开始寻找。
〖明晰〗the moment (instant , hour , time , minute) 以及directly, immediately, 都可用来引导时间状语从句，译作“一……就”，相当于as soon as.
如：(SEFC B2 L59) The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise . 那少女一听到响声，就冲进房间里。
6. All the stories of families, heroes, wars and journeys are passed down from generation to generation . 所有家族、英雄、战争以及旅行的故事都是一代代地传下来的。
〖明晰〗(1) pass down＝hand down流传；遗传；传递。如：
The special technique has been passed down over four generations . 那种技术已传了四代。
(SEFC B3 L10) customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race . 传统习俗以及记忆中的人和物，被这个种族的年长者传了下来。
In poor families , clothes may be passed down from one child to the next . 在穷苦人家，一个小孩穿过的衣服会留给另一个年龄小的穿。
(2) from generation to generation 一代一代，世世代代(＝generation after generation.)
7. A few people in each group are given the task of remembering the group's family history that goes back over centuries . 每一个部落中有几个人，他们的任务是记住这个部落追溯到几百年前的家族史。
〖明晰〗(1) go back to (＝date from, trace back to )；追溯，返回到。如：
His family goes back to the time of Norman Conquest . 他的家族可追溯至诺曼底人征服英国的时代。
She found her pocketbook when she went back to the store . 她回到店里找到了她的钱包。
(2) over centuries 在几百年中。over可表“在……期间；到……过完”。 如：(SEFC B3 L27) They had been built over period of six centuries up until 1431 . 他们都是在1431年以前长达六个世纪期间建成的。
over several decades 在几十年中 / stay over Sunday呆过星期天 / work over night 通宵工作。
8. seize , take , grasp , arrest
〖明晰〗(1) seize“抓住”有猛然抓住并不脱手之意。如：
The policeman seized the thief by the collar. 那个警察抓着小偷的衣领不放。
(2) take“抓住”，属一般用语。如：
He took his girl friend by the arm. 他抓着女友的胳膊。
(3) grasp“抓住，抓紧；抱住；理解，领会”。如：
Grasp the rope and I'll pull you up. 抓住绳子，我就拉你上来。
I didn't quite grasp your meaning. 我不太理解你的意思。
(4) arrest 侧重于“逮捕；扣留；防止。”如：
He was arrested in suspicion of having murdered the girl . 他因有谋害少女的嫌疑而被捕。
This newly developed drug has arrested his cancer . 这种新药已控制住了他的癌症。
9 . make up one's mind, decide, determine
〖明晰〗(1) make up one's mind“决心；认定”，后接不定式或that从句，mind随人称而变化。如：
We've made up our minds to devote our lives to serving the people heart and soul . 我们决心把全部生命用于全心全意地为人民服务。
The crop is ruined, so we must make up our minds to that . 庄稼损坏了，我们必须承认那个事实。
(2) decide 指经过考虑或讨论研究作出决定，后接不定式，介词on / upon或从句。 如：
He decided on taking the position at the bank.＝He decided to take the position at the bank . 他决定担任很行的职务。
(3) determine“决心、坚决”，侧重表示决心已下定,任何力量都动摇不了这种决心。 其后常接不定式， 也可接 on / upon + ing 。 如：
His mother has determined to give him a chance . 他母亲决心给他一次机会。
10. give out , give away , give back , give forth , give in , give off , give over , give up
〖明晰〗(1) give out 放出、发生；宣称，公布，发表；分配，分发；用完，耗尽； 精疲力竭。如：
The teacher's patience at last gave out . 老师终于失去了耐心。
His strength gave out . 他筋疲力尽。
(2) give away 赠送；出卖；泄露 / give back 归还；返射 / give forth 放出， 发出(声音，气味等)；发表，公布give in投降；屈服，让步；交上 / give off 发出 (蒸气、光、烟等)/give over 移交，交托 / give up 让给；放弃，抛弃。
11. familiar to , familiar with
〖明晰〗(1) familiar to＝well known to sb“为人所熟知”，其中to为介词，to 后常跟 人。如：
I've been away a long time, and that name is not familiar to me . 我出外很久了，这名字我不熟悉。
(2)familiar with＝well acquainted with“精通、熟知、通晓”。be familiar with的主语一定是人，with后的宾语可人、可物。如：He is familiar with Shakespeare . 他精通莎士比亚的作品。
I am not very familiar with botanical names . 我对植物学上的名称不太熟悉。
12 . what kind of doctor 与 what kind of a doctor
〖明晰〗(1)“what kind / sort of”是问类别，所以：What kind of doctor is he ? 他是 哪科的医生?
(2)“what kind / sort of a (an)”是问程度、性质等具体情况。所以：what kind of a doctor is he ? 他是怎么样的医生?(含医术是否高明，待人处事的能力等)
【妙文赏析】
The Capital of the United States
When George Washington became the first President of the United States , there was no permanent (永久的) capital . During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital . In addition , the members of Congress (议会) could not agree to where this permanent capital should be located (位于) .Some officials wanted it in the North , others wanted it in the South . Each of the states hoped that the capital might be set up within its own state lines .
At last it was decided that the capital should occupy (占有) a section by itself , separate from any of the states . The place chosen was situated on the Potomac River . The land then belonged to the state of Maryland , but Maryland agreed to give it to the national government . The section was named the District of Columbia, after Christopher Columbus . The city itself was named Washington , after George Washington .
Work was begun on the new capital in 1791 . In the year 1800 Congress occupied the new Capital Building . The White House Was opened at the same time as the home of all future presidents .
1 . There was no permanent capital in the United States when George Washington became the first President of the United States because ______ .
A . people didn't like the new government
B . there was not enough money to build the capital
C . American people were too busy fighting to think of the problem of building the capital
D . people had a disagreement about the location of the capital
2 . Which of the following is implied (暗示的) but not stated in the passage ?
A . George Washington's office was perhaps not in the White House .
B . Seven cities used to be the capital of the United States .
C . The North and the South couldn't agree with each other on the problem of the capital .
D . George Washington was the first president of the United States .
3 . The Potomac River _______ .
A . is the longest river in its country
B . separates the capital from the state of Maryland
C . flows through the state of Maryland
D . was given to the national government by Maryland
4 . Which of the following is not true according to the passage ?
A . The White House has a history of about 200 years .
B . The District of Columbia belongs to none of the states .
C . Congress occupied the new Capital Building until 1800 .
D . The White House is a place where American presidents live and work except George Washington .
答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C
【思维体操】
常见阅读理解题的解题技巧
一般说来，阅读理解的题型设置大致可分为六种类型：事实询问、推理判断、数据推算、识图解意、主旨大意、规律常识。做好这六种题型，需要掌握一定的方法和技巧。
科目 英语
年级 高三
文件 high3 unit15.doc
标题 Study skills（学习技能）
章节 第十五单元
关键词 高三英语第十五单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
单元双基学习目标
Ⅰ.词汇学习
enlarge , remind sb of , fix a date for , appreciate, long-term , encouragement
Ⅱ. 交际英语
Invitations and responses (邀请与应答)
发出邀请时可以说：
1. Will you come to …?
2. Would you like to do ？
3. I’d like to invite you to …
4. Are you free on Sunday ?
5. If you’re not doing anything on Monday morning , would you like to do …
6. We’d like you to join us .
7. Do join me for a coffee .
8. We’re having a dance on Sunday . I hope you will come .
9. Would you do me the pleasure of attending our wedding (婚礼) ? = May we have the pleasure of your company at our wedding ?
10. I’d very much like you to come to our dinner party .
接受邀请时常用：
1. Yes , I’d love to .
2. Yes , that’s very kind / nice of you .
3. I’d love to , but …
4. How nice !
5. I’d like to … , but … . Thank you all the same .
Ⅲ. 语法学习
复习和归纳句子的成分 ―― 谓语；复习情态动词和实义动词的时态。
在情态动词中要重点掌握情态动词的完成时的用法。如：should have done与should not have done , needn’t have done , must have done
另外，复习主谓一致的测试热点。
【指点迷津】
这些一致你了如指掌吗 ？
1. 主语 people 作“人们，人民”解时，谓语动词用复数，作“民族”解时，有单复数之分。如：
Our people is a great one .
There are 56 peoples in China .
2 . 主语是 a / this / that kind of + 名词，谓语用单数形式，主语指的不是一种而是多种，谓语动词用复数。如：
This kind of cloth feels soft .
There are different kinds of animals .
3 . 主语是“each of … ”，“neither of … ”，“either of … ”，“one of … ”等时，其谓语用单数。如：
Each of them has his own duty .
4 . 陈述部分用 everybody , everyone , somebody , someone , anybody , anyone , nobody , no one 或 no + 复数名词等作主语时，反意部分用 they。而陈述部分用 everything , something , nothing , anything 时，反意部分代词则采用单数，用 it 。
Somebody is waiting for you , aren't they ?
Everything is all right , isn't it ?
5 . 动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet .
6 . 用引号的词语作主语时，谓语用单数第三人称。
“I” is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet .
7 . 在强调结构中如被强调的是句子的主语，则 who 或 that 后面的谓语动词的人称和数应和主语一致。
It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class .
8 . wish 后接宾语从句用虚拟语气，如表示与现在事实相反，无论主语是单数还是复数，be 动词用 were。
I wish I were ten years younger .
9 . police , cattle 等集合名词作主语时，谓语用复数。
The murderer has run away . The police are searching for him .
10 . 算式中表示数目的主语通常看作单数，其谓语常用单数形式，也可用复数。
Five times four is twenty .
11 . youth 作“青年们”解作主语时，谓语用复数。
The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology .
12 . each 作同位语放在复数主语后，谓语不受单数 each 的影响。如：
The boy and the girl each have their own toys .
13 . 当 with 引出的短语结构后面出现 both 时，with 的含义变成 and ，此时谓语动词应该用复数形式。如：Martin with his wife ,both working in the same company , have decided that they would send their little daughter to the nearest kindergarten .
14 . “one of + 复数名词 + 谓语”是固定结构，谓语动词用单数。但是，在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”句型中，定语从句的谓语用复数；若 one of 的前面有 the , the only 时，谓语仍用单数。试对比：
He is one of the people who always help others .
She is the only one of my guests that comes from India .
15 . 主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及 news , works , (工厂) , politics 等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外 means 一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn .
A new means of teaching is being used in that school .
注：学科名词前如有物主代词修饰时，谓语常用复数。如：My mathematics are week .
16 . 主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。
The United States is a developed country .
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
单元重点词汇点拨
1. enlarge扩大；变大；增多
We enlarge the playground last year .
〖点拨〗enlarge on / upon详述；细说
Could you enlarge on / upon the point ?
2. encouragement鼓励；激励；促进
He received a lot of encouragement from his teacher . 老师给了他很大的鼓励。
〖点拨〗encourage sb to do鼓励某人干…… 。encourage sb in助长。如：
The boss encouraged me to study abroad .
Don’t encourage him in his laziness .
encouraging鼓舞人心的，encouraged被鼓舞的。如：
They were encouraged by the encouraging news .
3. appreciate欣赏；感激；赏识
His works were not appreciated until after his death . 直到死后，他的作品才受到重视。
You will appreciate his novels better if you read his past .
〖点拨〗appreciate / enjoy + doing欣赏干……。
Do you appreciate driving minibus ?
单元词组思维运用
1. remind sb of使某人想起 ……
He reminded me of his kind father .
I was reminded of my promise .
注意：remind sb that ……使人想起。remind sb to do提醒某人做某事。
She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers .
Remind me to mail this letter after work .
I reminded him to work hard .
2. fix a date for确定……的日期
Let’s fix a date for a picnic this weekend .
注意动词fix的词组：fix one’s eyes on / upon凝视。如：His eyes were fixed on the photo on the wall .
3. pick up a travel book拿起一本游记
4．dip into随便翻阅；浏览
I have only been able to dip into your book yet ; I hope soon to be able to read it seriously .
I can’t say that I know a great deal about modern painting ― I’ve just dipped into one or two books on the subject .
5. read bits here and there这儿看一点那看一点
6. turn to翻到；求助于
Please turn to Page 30 .
We must turn to our monitor to finish such a thorough cleaning .
7. if you wish如果你想要的话
8. an article of clothing一件衣物
注意：a suit of clothes一套衣服
9. above all最重要的是
注意：in all总共，first of all首先。
10. refer to
Don’t get angry . The person he referred just now isn’t you .
11. take turns to do轮流干……
12. shut up闭嘴；住口；关闭
For heaven’s sake , shut him up , he’s said quite enough already .
Shut up ! You’re just talking nonsense .
We got the house shut up only minutes before the storm hit . 在暴风雨来临之前几分钟，我们才把屋子的门窗关闭起来。
13. talk things through充分透彻地谈问题
14. make good (great , rapid , much , little ) progress in
15. agree on a time在时间上意见一致
16. a letter in reply回信
17. in the immediate future不久的将来
单元难点疑点思路明晰
1. But not all stories belong to this class . 但并不是所有小说都属于这一级别。
〖明晰〗(1) not与all , both , every , always , altogether , entirely , everybody , everything , everywhere连用表达部分否定。如：
All is not lost that is in danger . （谚）处于危险中并非就是失败。(祸福难分)
The good and the beautiful don't always go together . (Shakespeare) 善和美不一定时常是相连的。
(2) class 在本课作“等级，种类”讲。如：
travel third class 乘三等车（或舱）旅行/He is doing first class.他干得 非常好。/It's one of the second-class public schools.那是一所一流的公立学校。
2. Second , do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you do not know . 第二，不要每碰到一个不认识的单词或短语就停下来……。
〖明晰〗Every time, each time “每次，每当，无论何时”以及by the time “到……时” 可相当于连词引导时间状语从句。如：
Every time I meet him , he tries to borrow books from me . 每当我遇到他，他总是向我借书。
By the time he was 15 , he had already had his own laboratory . 到他15岁时，他已经有了自己的实验室。
3. …by the end of the chapter you will have guessed its meaning . 到了全章快读完时，你就会猜出这个词的意思了。
〖明晰〗(1)由by the end of…引出的短语，主句常用过去完成时或将来完成时。如：
By the end of last month, they had produced 1000000 candles .
By the end of this century, China will have become a socialist country . 到本世纪底，中国必将成为一个社会主义强国。
(2) will / shall + have + p.p. 构成将来完成时，该时态可表将来某一时刻前已完成的动作，也可表说话人对某一业已先成的事态的推测。如：
He will have gained his pilot's license before his next birthday . 他下个生日前会拿到飞行证的。
You will have received an invitation to the wedding as well . 你肯定会收到参加婚宴的邀请的。
4. …and is therefore likely to be an article of clothing . 因此很可能是一件衣服。
〖明晰〗likely常用于sth / sb + be + likely to do很可能干但possible , probable , impossible , improbable 却不用人作主语 , 常用 : It + be + possible / probable (for sb) + to do. 如：
He is likely to be the best poet here . 他很可能是这最好的诗人。
It is impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time . 他不可能在如此短的时间内完成这项任务。
（本课最后一段中）If you hate science stories , you are unlikely to enjoy reading them in English . 如果你不喜欢科幻小说，那么你不大可能喜欢读英文版的科幻小说。
5. In other words , I should not watch TV, or look over your shoulder at other people while we are talking together . 换句话说，我们在一起交谈时，我不应该看电视或越过你肩膀看别人。
〖明晰〗(1) in other words 换句话说 (= that is , that is to say)
(2) look over 从…上面看过去；查看；检查。如：
Don't look over your shoulder while walking on such a slippery road . 在过如此滑的路面时，请匆扭头张望。
The secretary spent a night looking over her notes . 秘书花了一夜时间查看她的记录。
6. First , take turns to listen . 首先 轮流做听众。
〖明晰〗take turns“依次，轮流”后常接不定式，at＋ing或直接加-ing 。表示“轮流”的介词词组有 in turn 和 by turns 。如：
take turns to watch over the oxen = take turns (at) watching over the oxen = watch over the oxen in turn = watch over the oxen by turns . 轮流看护牛群。
（本课最后一段）If friends can take turns to listen to each other well, life will be better ! 如果朋友们之间能轮流做好听众，生活就会更美好!
7. hobby , habit , custom , practice
〖明晰〗 (1) hobby (业余)爱好；嗜好，消遣。如：
Reading children's literature is a hobby with my nephew . 我侄侄在业余时间爱读儿童文学消遣。
He collects butterflies for a hobby . 他以搜集各种蝴蝶为业余爱好。
Growing roses is her hobby . 养玫瑰花是她的爱好。
(2) habit“习惯”，侧重于强调一时期内不自觉地形成的，并且不易去掉的个人习惯。如：
Smoking is a bad habit . 吸烟是种坏习惯。
habit 的常见搭配有：be in the / a habit of , have the / a habit of 有……的习惯，break away from / off a habit改掉一种习惯， get / fall into the habit of 养成……习惯。
(3) custom“习惯；习俗”，指经过一个较长的时间而形成的社会或地区性风俗。如：
It is the custom to dye eggs at Easter . 在复活节染鸡蛋壳已成为习俗。
(4) practice“习惯”，指惯常的做法。如：
I don't like her practice of going to bed late every evening . 我不喜欢他每天晚睡的做法。
8 .above all , in all , after all , all in all , for all
〖明晰〗 (1) above all 首先，首要，尤其。如：
Never waste anything . Above all , never waste time . 任何东西都不可浪费，尤其不可浪费时间。
(2) in all 总共，共计。如：
Shall I pay you the money in part or in all ? 这笔款子我该给你部分地付还是全部付清泥 ?
(3) after all 毕竟，终究，终归。如：
He said he would not come in, but he came in after all . 他说他不进来，但他毕竟进来了。
(4) all in all总的来说，总计；完全地。如：
The book has some weak spots , but all in all. I consider it a success . 这本书有一些缺点，然而总的来说我认为它是成功的。
(5) for all 尽管。如：
For all his wealth , he is unhappy . 尽管他很有钱，他并不快乐。
9. shut up , shut down , shut away , shut in , shut off , shut out
〖明晰〗 (1) shut up 闭嘴，住口。如：
Shut up ! You're just talking nonsense . 住口!你这是在说废话。
(2) shut down 停工，停业。如：
The automobile plant was shut down for two months as a reasult of the strike . 那家汽车厂由于罢工关闭了两个月。
(3) shut away 限制，隔离，禁闭。如：
Important prisoners were shut away in a remote mountain village . 重要的犯人被监禁在偏僻的山林里。
(4) shut in 围住；关进；禁闭(= shut away)。如：
The house was shut in by factories all round . 这房子周围都被工厂围住。
(5) shut off 关停（煤气，水电等）。如：
They shut off the gas and electricity in their house before leaving on holiday . 他们假日离家前把煤气和电都关掉。
(6) shut out 不让……进来，把……关在外面(＝ keep…out of)。如：
The late comers were all shut out of the stadium . 迟到者都被关在体育场外面不让进去。
10. enlarge, expand , extend , widen , broaden , grow , increase
〖明晰〗 (1) enlarge“扩大”，指面积，体积和范围的扩大及能力的增大，不指重量、 速度，时间等。如：
an enlarged meeting扩大会议/The city has enlarged.城市面积扩大了。 /The business is enlarging. 企业在不断扩大。/Reading a lot enlarges the mind. 大量阅读使人增长才智。
(2) grow“成长，长大”，常用于人、生物的长大，数量的增长不用grow。如：
(SEFC B3 L26) So certain types of plant grow all over the stones and their roots go down into the holes between the stones . 所以某些种类的植物在这些石头上面长满了， 它们的根深深钻进石块之间的洞穴 之中。
(3) increase 指数量、程度、财富、权力的“增加、增长”。如：
Total industrial output value increased by 8% . 工业总产值增长了百分之八。
(4) expand 膨胀大，extend 延伸长，widen 和 broaden 为“加宽后扩大”。
【妙文赏析】
as poor as a church mouse
教堂 ( church ) 是教徒们进行宗教活动的地方，教徒们虔诚地作礼拜，当然没有人在这里吃东西，自然也不会有食品橱，一切都为得庄严肃穆。所以老鼠想在教堂里找吃的东西，根本的枉费心机，教堂里的老鼠 ( a church mouse ) 是非常穷的，所以就有 as poor as a church mouse 的说法，指某人一贫如洗。请看例句：
You want to borrow money from him ? He is as poor as a church mouse .你想向他借钱 ? 他一贫如洗。
英语词语掌故浩如烟海、源远流长，经历了岁月的磨练，凝聚着民众的智慧，它简洁、生动、含蓄幽默，涉及到民间传说、神话寓言、风俗时尚、历史背景、名人佚事等等各个方面，英语词语掌故不仅能帮我们开拓视野、扩大知识面，而且还有助于我们了解英国语言文学的起源和发展，因此了解、熟悉英语词语掌故无疑是学好英语的一条必不可少的途径。
【思维体操】
“心”译
1. after one’s heart 2. a heart of gold
3. find in one’s heart to 4. have sth at heart
5. heart and soul 6.heart to heart
7. pluck up one’s heart 8. put one’s heart into
9. with a light heart 10. with one’s whole heart
答案：1、称心如意 2、道德高尚 3、心甘情愿 4、牢记在心 5、全心全意 6、开诚布公 7、鼓起勇气 8、专心致志 9、轻松愉快 10、诚心诚意
三、智能显示
【心中有数】
单元语法发散思维
一、易错用的主谓语一致 14 点
1. each + 名词 + and each + 名词用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕Each boy and each girl have got an apple .
〔 改正 〕改 have 为 has .
〔 归纳 〕下面两种情况，动词也用单数：
A . every + 名词 + and every + 名词作主语时：
Every man and every woman in the village is here .
B . no + 名词 + and no + 名词作主语时：
No teacher and no student has seen the film .
2. 当一个人兼两种身份而作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕Her teacher and friend often help her to paint .
〔 改正 〕改 help 为 helps。
〔 归纳 〕两个名词用 and 连接用作主语，重复使用冠词和不重复使用冠词时，动词可能不一样。下列短语作主语时，应视为复数 ( 第二个冠词省略了 ) ： a boy and girl , a man and woman , the Chinese and Japanese language , the oil and textile industry , a teacher and student , a cow and ox等。如：比较：
A journalist and a novelist have come to see you .
A journalist and novelist has come to see you .
A man and woman are walking on the street .
3.and 连接的两个名词表达一个共同的概念或一个完整的东西时应视作单数。
〔 错例 〕A cart and horse are seen coming to us .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is。
〔 归纳〕以下名词短语都可视作单数。a watch and chain 一块带链的表，a needle and thread 一套针线，a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a cup and saucer 一套碟子茶杯，a coat and tie 一件上衣带领带，bread and butter 奶油面包，aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真诚，child care and education 对孩子的管教，time and tide 岁月，the long and short of it 总的意思,iron and steel 钢铁,law and order 治安,soup and salad 汤与凉拌菜 ,hard struggle and plain living 艰苦奋斗与生活简朴。
4. Mary a + 单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕Many a scientist have devoted their lives to science .
〔 改正 〕改have 为 has
〔 归纳 〕A . a great many , a good many 都需要接复数名词，作主语时，动词用复数。B . more than one + 名词作主语时，动词用单数。C. more than one 不接名词时，动词用单数或复数都可以。D.在 there be 结构里用单数或复数。如：There is ( 或 are ) more than one student in the classroom .
5. one and a half …与 a + 名词 + or two 作主语
〔 错例 〕One and a half cakes are left on the plate .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is 。
〔 归纳 〕one and half + 名词作主语习惯上视作单数，但名词需要用复数形式。One or two + 名词作主语时视作复数；而 a + 名词 + or two 作主语时却可视作单数或复数。如：
There are one or two things I want to tell you .
A word or two is ( 或 are ) needed here . 这儿还需要一两个词。
6 . ( together ) with + 名词不影响原来主语的人称和数。
〔 错例 〕Mr.Wang , together with his wife , have gone to Australia .
〔 改正 〕改 have 为 has。
〔 归纳 〕下列词语与名词连用均不影响原来主语的人称和数：as well as , along with , as much as , but , except , in company with , more than , no less than , like , rather than , plus 等。
7 . 数词 + 名词表示重量、长短、距离、钱数、分数、时间等作主语时，动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕Twenty years are too long for a man's life .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is。
〔 归纳 〕动词用单数是因为我们把这些复数名词看成一个整体。如：
Three hours is enough for him to perform the operation .
表示艰苦难熬的岁月、时日作主语时动词也可用复数。如：
The first fifty years are the hardest . 最初的五十年是最艰难的。
8 . A number of books 与 The number of books 作主语时应选用数不相同的动词。
〔 错例 〕The number of books are twenty-three .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is。
〔 归纳〕A . the number of…意思是“…的数目；……的号码”，作主语时，动词用单数；a number of…意思是“许多…”，作主语时，动词用复数。如：The number of the key is 207 .
B . the average of + 名词作主语时动词用单数：an average of + 名词作主语时动词用复数。如：
The average of letters received each week is 600 . 平均每周收到的信件是600件。
An average of 600 letters a week are received by the newspaper's office . 报馆每周平均收到600封信。
9.a basket of eggs 等作主语，动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕A basket of pears are not enough for them .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is。
〔 归纳 〕下面短语作主语时，动词也用单数：a basket of ( eggs ) 一篮 ( 鸡蛋 ) ，a cluster of ( grapes ) 一串 ( 葡萄 ) ， a pile of ( apples ) 一堆 ( 苹果 )， a team of ( football players ) 一队 ( 足球运动员 ) 。但 a group of ( students ) 作主语时，动词通常用复数。但：A group of girls are playing hide-and-seek .
10 .The rest ( of + 名词 ) 作主语时，动词不一定用单数。
〔 错例 〕The rest of the students is girls .
〔 改正 〕改 is 为 are。
〔 归纳 〕下面的词语作主语或作主语修饰语时则根据这些词所代表的名词的数或修饰的名词的数来决定动词的单、复数：Who , what , which , all , any , more , most , some , a lot of , lots of , plenty of , quantities of 以及 half , part , the rest , the remainder , 分数，百分数等。试对比：
Which are yours , the green ones or the red ones ?
Which is yours , the big one or the small one ?
There is only a little ink . All is here .
There are three books here . All a re written in English .
Twenty percent of the skin has been burnt .
Twenty percent of the machines are exported .
Two -thirds of the surface of the earth is water .
Three-thirds of the books are novels .
11. 某些集体名词作主语，意在其成员时，动词应该用复数。
〔 错例 〕Our family is all early risers .
〔 改正 〕改 is 为 are。
〔 归纳 〕这一类名词有： class 班，club 俱乐部，crew 全体船员 ( 乘务员 ) ，committee 委员会，couple 一对夫妇，crowd 人群，group 组、队 , audience 观众，听众，family 家庭，firm 公司；商号，flock 一群人，government 政府，public 公众，union 工会；联合会，team 队，England ( football team ) 英格兰足球队，等。这些名词用作主语时，如被看作整体，动词用单数，代词可用 it，its，which。如果是指该整体的成员，动词应用复数，代词用 they，their , who。但要注意主语、动词、代词在数方面的一致。如：
不可说：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop them .
应该说：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop it .
The class is big .
The class are practising swimming .
12. the country 可指“全国人民”，作主语时，动词用单数。
〔 错例 〕The country are opposed to war .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 is。
〔 归纳 〕表示“全体人”的这类名词还有：city , college , factory , house , school , table , town , university , world 等。它们与 the 连用作主语时，动词应该用单数。如：
The whole table has heard what he said .
The whole university is against the changes .
整个大学的人都反对这些改变。
The world knows that pollution has become a serious problem .
世界人民知道，污染已成了严重问题。
13. the + 形容词作主语时，动词不一定用复数。
〔 错例 〕The old is respected in our country .
〔 改正 〕改 is 为 are 。
〔 归纳 〕定冠词 + 形容词时，如表示一类人作主语时，动词用复数。常见的这一类有：the absent 缺席者，the aged 老年人，the brave 勇敢者，the dead 死人，the dying 要死的人，the deaf and mute 聋哑人，the disabled 残疾人，the exploited 被剥削者，the homeless 无家可归的人，the living 活着的人，the lost 失踪的人，the old 老年人，the oppressed 被压迫者，the poor 穷人，the present 出席的人，the rich 富人 ，the sick 病人，the strong 强者，the weak 弱者，the wise 聪明人，the wounded 伤员，the young 青年人等。
14. 用 either…or 连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，最接近动词的名词或代词决定动词的单、复数。
〔 错例 〕Either you or I are wrong .
〔 改正 〕改 are 为 am。
〔 归纳 〕涉及到类似用法的连词有 or , not only…but ( also ) 和 neither…nor。如：
You , he or I am to be sent to the front .
Neither you nor I am a doctor .
Not only you but also he has been to the Great Wall .
Are either you or he against this plan ?
【动脑动手】
单元能力立体检测
1 . 美丽的长城值得一看。
误：The beautiful Great Wall is worth to visit .
正：The beautiful Great Wall is worth visiting .
析：worth 是形容词，后面要跟名词或动词 - ing 形式，不能跟动词不定式。如将上面的 to visit 改成 a visit 也是正确的。
2 . 到了上学期末，我已学习将近两千个英语单词。
误：By the end of last term , I learned nearly two thousand English words .
正：By the end of last term , I had learned nearly two thousand English words .
析：这里的 by 有“before ( 在……之前 ) ”或“not later than ( 不迟于 ) ”的意思，表示“在 ( 某时 ) 前”或“到某时”已发生某事或出现某种情况，谓语动词多用完成时态。句中是“上学期末”，所以用过去完成时态。
3 . 那人走过来夺了老人的包。
误：The man came over and took the possession of the old man's bag .
正：The man came over and took possession of the old man's bag .
析：“take possession of”意为“夺取、占有”，是固定的表达方式，一般在 possession 前面不用 the。
4 . 这些动物对美洲土著人的生活有很大影响。
误：These animals had a great effect to the life of Native Americans .
正：These animals had a great effect on the life of Native Americans .
析：“have an effect on ( upon ) ”是固定搭配，意为“对……有影响”，“对……起作用”，effect 后面跟介词要用 on 或 upon，不能随意改动。
5 . 他突然间击了她的头。
误：All of a sudden he hit her on her head .
正：All of a sudden he hit her on the head .
析：汉语中“打某人的头”，在英语中常用“hit + sb . + on + the + 身体部位”这样的结构。值得注意的是其中冠词 the 不能用物主代词代替。又如：
He hit the boy in the face . 他打了孩子的脸。 ( face 前面要用 the , 不能用物主代词。 )
6 . 他没有逃跑得了，被俘了。
误：He failed to run away and was taken the prisoner .
正：He failed to run away and was taken prisoner .
析：“to take prisoner”，意为“被监禁”、“被俘”，是个习语，prisoner 前面不能用冠词。但是 take 这个动词可以用 keep 或 hold 代替。又如： He was taken ( held , kept ) prisoner in a small island . 他被囚禁在一个小岛上。
7 . 他一到达，就被卖给一个农民当奴隶。
误：At his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
正：On his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
析：“on one's arrival”是一个习语，其中介词要用 on，不能用别的词代替。
8 . 报社给他提供了一些资金。
误：His newspaper provided him some money .
正：His newspaper provided him with some money .
析：“为某人提供某物”，用 provide 表达有两种方式，一是“provide sb . with sth . ”，另一种是“provide sth . for sb . ”，也就是说要用介词搭配，误句中少用了介词。度比较：
The government is trying to provide the unemployed with jobs . ( = The government is trying to provide jobs for the unemployed . ) 政府正力图为失业者提供就业机会。
9 . 他一登台，我就认出他来了。
误：I recognized him the moment when he appeared on the stage .
正：I recognized him the moment he appeared on the stage .
析：the moment 虽是名词，但在这儿可以作连词用，相当于 as soon as , 因此后面再用 when 就是多余的了。类似的名词如 the minute , the second 等也可以这样。上面正句里的 the moment 也可以用 the minute , the second 来代替。又如：
The moment / minute / second you arrive at the port , please telephone me . 你一到达港口，就请给我打个电话。
10 . 你们当中一人扮演哈利，另一个人扮演记者。
误：One of you plays role of Harley , and the other role of a reporter .
正：One of you play the role of Harley , and the other the role of a reporter .
析：role 作“角色”解，通常构成“play ( take ) the role of . . . ”结构，意为“扮演……角色”。这是固定搭配，“the”不可少。又如：
He wishes to take ( play ) the role of a king . 他想扮演国王。
但是，role 前可以用形容词修饰，例如：
Both of them wanted to play ( take ) the leading role . 他们俩都想演主角。
11 . 他每次进城总要拜访他的老师。
误：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
正：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
析：“every time”是个名词词组，用作从属连词，引出时间状语从句，意为“每一……就……”。不能像误句那样连写。又如：
Copy it down every time you come to a beautiful sentence . 每当你碰到一个漂亮的句子就把它抄下来。
12 . 年轻人应该永远尊敬老年人。
误：Youth should always show the respect to old age .
正：Youth should always show respect to old age .
析：“show respect to”是一个习语，意思是“对某人表示尊重”，其中 respect 是不可数名词，前面不用冠词，但是可以有修饰词修饰。其中 show 可以用 have 代替，介词 to 也可用 for 代替。例如：
She had / showed no respect to / for manager . 她对经理一点也不尊重。
They have / show a great respect to / for the journalists .他们对记者非常敬重。
【创新园地】
写一篇短文，简述 Green School 受欢迎的原因。请在短文中包含以下内容：
1 . 历史悠久。
2 . 校园美丽。
3 . 设备良好。教学楼、实验室、语音室、计算机房、图书馆及体育馆都属全市最好的。
4 . 收费合理，每学期?3000。
5 . 教师出色，大部分毕业于名牌大学。他们耐心，有经验，热爱学生。
注意：不要逐条翻译。词数：110字左右。
（请同学们写好后把答案反馈给我们）
【创新园地】答案
Why is Green School so popular in our city ?
For one thing , the school has a long history . Its school garden is very beautiful with trees and flowers everywhere . It is also well equipped . The classroom buildings , the experiment labs and the sound labs , the computer rooms , the library as well as the gymnasium are among the best of all schools . Besides , the tuition is only 3000 a term , less than that of other schools . But the most important reason for its popularity is the excellent teachers in Green School . Most teachers graduated from well-known universities and colleges . They have great patience , much experience and especially , deep love for the students .
