2009年化学新高考押题②

 

我不敢猜题,因为我猜不到;我很想猜题,因为这很有挑战。猜不到是肯定的,虽然我绞尽了脑汁、流了不少汗,无奈我智力低下,更无奈“道高一尺,魔高一丈”,所以希望读者朋友在做这些试题时不要抱有太多的期望。我是给那些临时抱佛脚的朋友送一程,如果有百分之一的相中,那就是我们的幸运。

第Ⅰ卷(选择题)

1. 2008年9月25日晚9时10分神七发射成功,9月27日下午,01号航天员翟志刚担任出舱航天员,成中国太空行走第一人。神舟七号圆满完成中国航天员出舱等四大科学试验,创下了中国航天领域的四个第一。由解放军总装备部军事医学院研究所研制的小分子团水,解决了航天员的如厕难题。新型小分子团水,具有饮用量少、渗透力强、生物利用率高、在人体内储存时间长、排放量少的特点。一次饮用125mL小分子团水,可维持人体6小时正常需水量。下列关于小分子团水的说法正确的是

A.水分子的化学性质改变           B.水分子中氢氧键缩短

C.水分子间的作用力减小           D.水分子间结构、物理性质改变

答案:D

解析:小分子团水仍是以分子为基本单位组成的聚集体,所以分子结构并没有改变,分子中的氢氧键并没有缩短,化学性质更不会改变。它改变的是分子间的结构,分子间作用力增强,物理性质改变。

2. 2008年06月28日新华网消息:据美国《连线》杂志报道,一项研究表明,火星的液态水曾来自天空下的毛毛雨和地表收集的露水,这些降雨在火星土壤中留下了痕迹。硫酸盐似乎堆积在火星表面,下面是一层层的氯化物,这一模式表明水是从火星大气降落到火星土壤中的。这是因为(   )

A.硫酸盐不与水发生化学反应堆积在火星表面,而氯化物与水发生了化学反应进入了火星土壤内部。

B. 硫酸盐在水中的溶解能力比不上氯化物,它们往往会最先被水分离出来,这意味着水在向下浸湿,将氯化物带到了硫酸盐之下的更深层的火星土壤中。

C. 在火星上硫酸盐的密度与氯化物的小。

D. 火星的大气中含有硫酸盐而不含有氯化物。

答案: B

解析:由于硫酸盐在水中的溶解能力比不上氯化物所以硫酸盐在火星表面,而氯化物在火星降雨过程中溶解在水中则进入更深层的火星土壤中。这一现象表明“火星的液态水曾来自天空下的毛毛雨和地表收集的露水”。

3.含有2~5个碳原子的直链烷烃沸点和燃烧热的数据见下表:

烷烃名称

乙烷

丙烷

丁烷

戊烷

沸点(℃)

-88.6

-42.1

 

36.1

燃烧热(kJ・mol1)

1560.7

 

2877.6

3535.6

根据表中数据,下列判断错误的是(   )

A.丁烷的沸点有可能在0℃以下  

B.上述四种烷烃中戊烷最容易液化,打火机中所用的燃料就是戊烷

C.丙烷完全燃烧生成4mol气态水,所放出的热量小于2877.6kJ

D.烷烃的含碳量越高,其燃烧热值也就越大

答案:B

解析:根据表格数据发现沸点、燃烧热均随碳原子数增多而增加,丁烷沸点应高于-42.1℃,低于36.1℃;沸点高容易液化,但是戊烷常温下为液体,放在打火机中不能变为气体燃烧;丙烷燃烧生成液态水放出热量小于2877.6kJ,生成气体出热量更小;表格规律是烷烃中碳原子数越多,燃烧热就越大。碳原子数越多烷烃,其含碳量就越高。

4. 下列说法正确的是(   )

A.将标准状况下22.4 L氨气溶于1 L水配成溶液,可得1 mol・L-1的氨水

B.化学式符合XOH(X代表某一元素)的物质不一定是碱 

C.标准状况下,22.4L CCl4中含有氯原子数目为4NA

D.汽油、石油、植物油、柴油均是碳氢化合物

答案B

解析:标准状况下22.4 L氨气溶于1 L水配成溶液,溶液体积不等于1L,所以氨水浓度不等于1 mol・L-1;化学式符合XOH有HOCl(次氯酸),标准状况下, CCl4为液体,无法求出四氯化碳的物质的量;汽油、石油、柴油是烃类为碳氢化合物。植物油属于酯类,含有氧元素,不是碳氢化合物。

 

5.下列实验操作中,仪器需插入液面以下的有(    )

①制备Fe(OH)2时将NaOH溶液滴入FeSO4溶液中所用的胶头滴管  ②制取H2的简易装置中长颈漏斗的下端管口  ③分馏石油时控制温度所用的温度计  ④用乙醇制备乙烯时所用的温度计  ⑤用水吸收NH3时的导气管  ⑥向试管中的BaCl2溶液中滴加稀 H2SO4所用的胶头滴管

A.③⑤⑥        B.②④       C.①②④         D.①②③④⑤⑥

答案:C

解析:①制备Fe(OH)2时,为防止氢氧化亚铁被氧气氧化,将NaOH溶液滴入FeSO4溶液中所用的胶头滴管需要插入液面以下; ②简易装置制H2用于加稀硫酸的长颈漏斗的下端要插入液面以下,防止氢气从长颈漏斗挥发;③分馏石油时需要测的是挥发出的气体馏分的温度的用的温度计水银球要位于上端的支管口处;④用乙醇制备乙烯时要控制液体的温度,所用的温度计的水银球药插入液面以下;⑤用水吸收NH3时的导气管 为防止倒吸,不能插入液面以下; ⑥为了防止H2SO4被BaCl2溶液污染,向试管中的BaCl2溶液中滴加稀 H2SO4所用的胶头滴管不能插入液面以下。

 

6. 参照反应Br + H2HBr +H的能量对反应历程的示意图,下列对上述正反应叙述中正确的  (   )                     

A. 反应热:过程I>过程Ⅱ  

B. 反应速率:过程Ⅱ=过程I

C. 该反应为吸热反应   

D. 过程I使用了催化剂

答案: C

解析:从图像可以分析,过程I与过程Ⅱ反应物总能量与生成物总能量均是相等,只要反应物的物质的量相同,过程I与过程Ⅱ反应热相同;由于反应总能量小于生成物的总能量,所以该反应为吸热反应 ;由于过程I活化能大于过程Ⅱ,所以说明过程Ⅱ使用催化剂,反应速率过程Ⅱ比过程I快。

 

7.X、Y、Z、W原子系数依次增加的短周期元素。已知①X、Y的氢化物的熔沸点在所在族中是最高,且常温下X、Y的氢化物的状态不同。②Y与Z是同一族。下列说法正确的是(    ) 

A.四种元素中,原子半径最大的是W

B.X元素的最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性最强

C.单质的氧化性:W > Z

D.气态氢化物的熔点和沸点:Z> Y

答案: C

解析:X、Y的氢化物的熔沸点在所在族中是最高的,且常温下X、Y的氢化物的状态不同,在短周期中能形成氢键只有三种元素,N、F、O。常温下X、Y的氢化物的状态不同

得出Y为氧元素,则X为氮元素,Y与Z是同一族,则Z为硫元素,W为氯元素。A,四种元素中,原子半径最大的是硫;B,X、Z、W三种元素的最高价氧化物所对应的水化物中,酸性最强的是HClO4;C,因为氯和硫为同周期元素,氯的原子半径比硫原子小,氧化性比硫强;D,相同条件下,Z、Y形成的气态氢化物为H2S和H2O,它们结构相似,相对分子质量越大,其熔点和沸点越高。但是水分子之间有氢键,分子间作用力强,常温为液体,H2S为气体,水比H2S熔沸点高。

8.科学家用NaNO3和Na2O在一定条件下化合制得由钠离子和阴离子B构成晶体NaxNO4,测定阴离子B中的各原子的最外层电子都达到了8电子稳定结构。下列说法错误的是(   )

A.x=3 

B.N的化合价为+3   

C. 阴离子B电子式可能为 

D.此反应是非氧化还原反应

答案:B

解析:NaNO3+ (x-1)/2Na2O= NaxNO4,有O守恒则x=3;每个氮原子的价电子数为5,每个氧原子的价电子数为6,1个NO43-离子中,含有1个氮原子和4个氧原子,并带3个单位的负电荷,每个NO43-的电子总数为1×5+4×6+3=32,32可以写成4×8,根据题意可知,Na3NO4中各原子最外层电子数都达到了8电子稳定结构,所以NO43-的电子式为:,氮的化合价为+5。

9. 在由水电离出的c(H+)=1×10-12 mol・L-1的溶液中,一定能大量共存的离子组是(    )

A.、Ba2+、Cl-                       B.Cl-、Na+、K+

C.、Fe2+、Mg2+                      D.Na+、K+、ClO-、I-

答案:B

解析:本题属离子共存题。由题干条件知c(H+)=1×10-12 mol・L-1的溶液的pH=2或pH=12。当溶液呈酸性时,C中的、Fe2+易发生氧化还原反应,D中ClO-、I-发生氧化还原反应;当溶液呈碱性时,A中与OH-生成弱电解质NH3・H2O,C中Fe2+、Mg2+分别与OH-生成了Fe(OH)2、Mg(OH)2沉淀,D中的ClO-、I-仍能发生氧化还原反应。故只有B正确。

 

10.甲、乙两容器都发生反应2 A(g)+B(g)3C(g),两容器温度和初始压强都相同。在甲恒容容器中充入2 mol A和1 mol B,达平衡后,C在平衡混合气中的体积分数为φ1、物质的量为n1;在乙恒压容器中充入1.4 mol A、0.7 mol B和0.6 mol C,达平衡后C在平衡混合气中的体积分数为φ2、物质的量为n2。下列说法中正确的是(    )

A.φ1>φ2    B.n1>n2   C.n1=n2  D.φ1<φ2

答案:B

解析:因为若X=3则恒压或恒容条件都一样,只要符合比例就等效,达平衡后C在平衡混合气中的体积分数相等,则A、D错误;由于两容器的“初始压强”相同,即初始体积不一样,开始时两容器体积比为物质的量之比3:2.7=10∶9,即此时乙比甲投料总物质的量少(乙容器相当于充入1.8 mol A和0.9 mol B),所以达平衡时n1>n2 ,则C错误,B正确。

11.下列化学实验的的原理或操作方法不正确的是

A.用溴水除去CO2中混有的SO2     

B.配制硫酸亚铁溶液时,要加入少量还原铁粉

C.用固体NaOH与NH4Cl混和,在玻璃试管中加热制NH3 

D.用Fe3+检验工业废水中是否含有苯酚

答案C

解析:固体NaOH对玻璃有强腐蚀性,特别是在加强热条件下,故C不正确。

12 阻断病毒附着于敏感细胞的金刚乙胺,对于多种甲型流感病毒都具很好的抑制作用,金刚乙胺可由金刚烷制得。1-溴金刚烷的结构如图所示,若它与NaOH醇溶液反应后所得物质的同分异构体中,含有苯环且只有一个取代基的同分异构体有:

A.5种  B.4种   C.3种  D.2种

答案B

解析:根据反应后的化学式为C10H14,可知含有苯环且只有一个取代基时,取代基为丁基,而丁基有四种,故选B。

13.能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是

A.足量硫化氢气体通入硫酸铁溶液中:H2S+Fe3+=Fe2++S↓+2H

B.足量铁与稀硝酸反应:Fe+4H++NO3=Fe2++2H2O+NO↑

C.醋酸溶液与纯碱反应:CO32 +2H=+H2O+CO2

D.等物质的量的Ba(OH)2与NaHSO4在溶液中反应:Ba2++OH+H+SO42=BaSO4↓+H2O

答案D

解析:A中电荷不守恒,B中电荷、电子均不守恒,C中醋酸是弱酸,D正确。

14.下列各离子组,因发生氧化还原反应而不大量共存的是

A.K+  Na+   HSO3  NO3     B.Mg2+  Al3+  SO42  OH

C.K+  Fe2+  Cl  S2          D.K+  Ba2+   NO3   SO32

答案A

解析:BCD是因为复分解反应而不能大量共存,A中HSO3会发生部分电离而使溶液显酸性,又有NO3会氧化HSO3。故选A。

15.在理论上不能用于设计原电池的化学反应是                                                     (    )学科网

       A.Al(OH)3(s)+NaOH(aq)===NaAl(OH)4(aq);△H<0学科网

       B.CH3CH2OH(l)+3O2(g)→2CO2(g)+3H2O(l);△H<0学科网

       C.CO2(g)+C(g)===2CO(g);△H>0学科网

       D.H2(g)+Cl2(g)===2HCl(g);△H<0学科网

答案:A

解析:在原电池中,一定要发生氧化还原反应才能有电子转移形成电流,A反应不是氧化还原反应,故不能用于设计原电池。

16.设NA表示阿伏加德罗常数,下列叙述正确的是                                               (    )学科网

       A.23gNO2和23gN2O4所含原子数目均匀为1.5NA学科网

       B.18gD2O所含电子数目为10NA学科网

       C.标准状况下,22.4L乙醇所含分子数目为NA学科网

       D.1L1mol・L-1的两种强酸溶液中,所含氢离子数目均为NA学科网

答案:A

解析:23g的NO2的物质的量为0.5mol,所含原子的物质的量为1.5mol,23g的N2O4的物质的量为0.25mol,则所含的原子的物质的量为1.5mol,故A正确;D2O的摩尔质量为20g/mol,所以18g为0.9mol,所含电子数应为9NA,故B错;标准状况下乙醇为液体,故C错;物质的量浓度和体积都相等,但两种酸不一定都为一元酸,故D错。

17.在三个密闭容器中分别充入Ne、H2、O2三种气体,当它们的温度和密度都相同时,这三种气体的压强(p)从小到大的是                                                                                        (    )学科网

       A.p(Ne)<p(H2)<p(O2)                             B.p(O2)<p(Ne)<p(H2) 学科网

       C.P(H2)<p(O2)<p(Ne)                             D.p(H2)<p(Ne)<p(O2) 学科网

答案:B

解析:由理想气体状态方程PV=nRT,m=ρV,m=nM可推出,即气体的分子量越大,压强越小,即可得出答案B。

18.下列溶液一定呈中性的是                                                                                 (    )学科网

       A.pH=7的溶液学科网

       B.c(NH4+)=c(Cl-)的NH4Cl和氨水的混合溶液学科网

       C.PH=2的CH3COOH和PH=12的NaOH溶液等体积混合学科网

       D.CH3COONa溶液学科网

答案:B

解析:没有温度限定,pH=7的溶液不一定呈中性,故A错;在NH4Cl和氨水的混合溶液中,学由电荷守恒知,c(NH4+)+ c(H+)=c(Cl-)+ c(OH-),当c(NH4+)=c(Cl-)时,则c(H+)= c(OH-),溶液呈中性,故B正确;pH的和为14时,当为强酸和强碱等体积混合时,则得到的溶液一定呈中性,当酸是弱酸,碱是强碱时,所得溶液呈酸性,当酸是强酸,碱是弱碱时,所得溶液呈碱性,故C错;CH3COONa是强碱弱酸盐,谁强显谁性,则其溶液显碱性,故D错。

19.将Cu片放入0.1mol・L-1FeCl3溶液中,反应一定时间后取出Cu片,溶液中c(Fe3+):c(Fe2+)=2:3,则Cu2+与Fe3+的物质的量之比为                                                 (    )学科网

       A.3:2                   B.3:5                  C.3:4                   D.4:3学科网

答案:C

解析:Cu片放入FeCl3溶液中,反应的离子方程式为:2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+,则生成的c(Fe2+):c(Cu2+)=2:1,已知c(Fe2+):c(Fe3+)=3:2,则c(Cu2+):c(Fe3+)=1.5∶2=3∶4,即答案C正确。

20.已知在热的碱性溶液中,NaClO发生如下反应:3NaClO→2NaCl+NaClO3。在相同条件下NaClO2也能发生类似的反应,其最终产物是                                          (    )学科网

       A.NaCl、NaClO                                     B.NaCl、NaClO3     学科网

       C.NaClO、NaClO3                                                                  D.NaClO3、NaClO4学科网

答案:B

解析:3NaClO→2NaCl+NaClO3中Cl元素发生了岐化反应,则NaClO2中的Cl也应该发生岐化反应,即Cl的化合价既有升高的,又有降低的,故A、D中Cl化合价只向一个方向变化,错误,C中NaClO不稳定,还会生成NaCl和NaClO3,故B正确。

21.我国第五套人民币中的一元硬币材料为钢芯镀镍,依据你所掌握的电镀原理,你认为在硬币制作时,钢芯应做                                                                      (    )学科网

       A.阴极                   B.阳极                  C.正极                   D.负极学科网

答案:A

解析:在电镀中,镀层金属做阳极,镀件做阴极,故钢芯应做阴极,故A正确。

22.下列有关镁的叙述正确的是                                                                             (    )学科网

       A.镁条燃烧可用CO2进行扑灭               B.镁不能与NaOH溶液反应放出H2学科网

              C.镁制容器可用来装浓NHO3                                 D.镁在空气中燃烧产物全是MgO学科网

学科网

答案:B

解析:镁条在二氧化碳中可以燃烧,所以不能用CO2进行扑灭,故A错;镁是活泼金属,在常温下就可与浓硝酸反应,故不能来装浓NHO3,故C错;镁条在空气中燃烧时,空气中的氧气、氮气和二氧化碳都能与镁条反应,故生成的产物不仅有MgO,还有Mg3N2和单质C等,故D错。

II卷(非选择题)

23. 某溶液中可能含有Na+、K+、Mg2+、I、SO32、SO42等离子中的全部或其中的几种。现分别进行以下实验操作:

①用洁净的铂丝蘸取溶液在无色火焰上灼烧,焰色呈黄色;②取原溶液,滴加少量溴水,振荡后溶液仍为无色。③取原溶液,加入盐酸酸化的Ba(NO3)2溶液后,产生白色沉淀。

(1)原溶液中一定存在的离子是      ,一定不存在的离子是          

(2)上述①~③,的操作中,    是错误的,应改为        ,以便确定        离子的存在。

(3)为确定              离子是否存在,应补充的实验是①                            

                                                                         

答案:  (1)Na+、SO32- ;Mg2+   .

(2)  ③ ;先加盐酸酸化后,再加BaCl2溶液 ;SO42-

(3)I-、K+; 透过蓝色钴玻璃观察火焰,焰色呈紫色的则含有K+,否则没有K+

取原溶液少许加入试管,滴入用HNO3酸化的AgNO3溶液,若产生黄色沉淀,则有I-,否则没有I-

  解析:关键要从②中信息得出一定有SO32,一定没有Mg2+,而I不能确定,还要注意③中加入的是Ba(NO3)2,在酸性条件下,能将SO32氧化成SO42对检验造成干扰。

 

24. 物质A-H有下图所示转化关系(有些产物没有列出)。其中,B是一种极易溶于水的气体,D是能使湿润的淀粉KI试纸变蓝的物质,G是难溶于水的蓝色固体。

  试填写下列空白:

(1)写出Cu与H的浓溶液反应的化学方程式:                          

(2)写出反应④的离子方程式:                                  

(3)用电子式表示A和B的形成过程:                                    

(4)用惰性电极电解F的水溶液时,两极的电极反应式为:

正极                        

负极                                 

答案:(1)Cu+4HNO3=Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2↑+2H2O (2)Cu+4H+ +2NO3=Cu2++2NO2↑+2H2O

(3)

解析:根据B是极易溶于水的气体,且是A与浓硫酸反应生成的,可知B是HCl气体,再根据G是蓝色固体,可知G为Cu(OH)2 。C能与G反应,也能与Cu和NaNO3 反应生成E和F,C应该显酸性,故C只能为NaHSO4溶液。则D为NO气体。H为HNO3

25. 将一块铜板浸泡在一定浓度的FeCl3溶液中一段时间后取出,得到一混合溶液,某校化学兴趣小组的同学为分析该混合溶液的组成,进行了如下实验:

① 取50.0mL混合溶液,向其中加入足量的AgNO3溶液,得白色沉淀,过滤、干燥、称量,沉淀质量为86.1 g

② 另取50.0mL混合溶液,向其中加入1.40 g铁粉,结果铁粉全部溶解但未见固体析出;

③ 再取50.0mL混合溶液,向其中加入20.0 mL稀硝酸,得到一种无色气体,其体积换算成标准状况时为0.448 L

请根据以上实验中得到的数据分析计算:

⑴ 原FeCl3溶液物质的量浓度(反应过程中过程中溶液体积的变化忽略不计);

⑵ 所得混合溶液中c(Cu2+)的取值范围;

⑶ 若要进一步求得混合溶液中c(Cu2+)的具体数值,在只单独使用AgNO3溶液、铁粉

或稀硝酸的前题下,还可测出哪些数据,必须进行哪些实验?

答案及解析:

⑴ 解:由I得50.0mL混合溶液中c(Cl)=  

      所以原FeCl3溶液中c(FeCl3)=    

⑵ 解:Ⅱ中加入1.4gFe无固体剩余,即发生的反应为:Fe+2Fe3=3Fe2

 所以50.0mL混合溶液中至少含有Fe3  

Ⅲ中加入20.0mL稀硝酸后产生的气体为NO,反生的反应为

3Fe2+4H+NO3=3Fe3+NO↑+2H2O

即50.0mL混合溶液中至少含有Fe2    

50.0mL混合溶液中根据铁元素守恒有:

(Fe2) + (Fe3) = 4.0 mol/L×0.05L= 0.20 mol         

根据电荷守恒有:3(Fe3)+2(Fe2)+2(Cu2)=(Cl)=

(Fe3) 有最小值时,(Fe2)、(Cu2)有最大值,且由上述两等式可求得

(Cu2)的最大值为0.075 mol                              

(Fe2)有最小值时,(Fe3) 有最大值,(Cu2)有最小值,同样可求得

(Cu2)的最小值为0.03 mol                               

所以,50.0mL混合溶液中(Cu2)的取值范围为:[0.600 mol/L,1.50 mol/L]

⑶ 解:还可测出50.0mL混合溶液中(Fe2)的值,应进行的实验是向50.0mL混合溶液中加入足量的稀硝酸,测出生成的气体体积(标准状况)。

26. A、B、C、D、E五种元素原子序数逐渐增大,且均不超过18。其中A与C、B与E分别为同族元素。原子半径A<B<E<D<C,B原子最外层电子数是次外层的3倍,C、D的核外电子数之和与B、E核外电子数之和相等。回答下列问题:

   (1)A             B          (用元素符号表示)

   (2)D的最高价氧化物对应水化物的化学式为               

   (3)C与E组成的常见化合物的电子式为                    

答案:(1)H   O            (2)Al(OH)3 

(3)Na+ Na+

解析:B原子最外层电子数是次外层的3倍,则B为O,B与E分别为同族元素,则E为S;A与C为同族元素,且原子半径B<E<D<C,则A只能为H,C为Na,则再由C、D的核外电子数之和与B、E核外电子数之和相等可推出D为Al,故D的最高价氧化物对应水化物为Al(OH)3,C与E组成的常见化合物为Na2S。

27. 已知H2B在水溶液中存在以下电离:

学科网(Zxxk.Com)学科网(Zxxk.Com)    一级电离:H2B      H++HB-,二级电离:HB-       H++B2-

    请回答以下问题:

   (1)NaHB溶液         (填“呈酸性”、“呈碱性”或“无法确定”),原因是         

                                         

   (2)若0.1mol・L-1的H2B溶液在某温度下的pH=3,c(B2-)=1×10-6mol・L-1,则H2B的一级电离的电离度为          

   (3)某温度下,在0.1mol・L-1的NaHB溶液中,以下关系一定不正确的是      (    )

              A.c(H+)・c(OH-)=1×10-14

              B.pH>1

              C.c(OH-)=2c(H2B)+c(HB-)+c(H+)

              D.c(Na+)=0.1mol・L-1≥c(B2-)

的平衡常数表达式为KSP=c(Fe2+)・c(B2-),

FeB在水中的沉淀溶解平衡曲线如右图所示。

下列说法错误的是(    )

              A.a点对应的KSP等于b点对应的KSP

              B.d点无沉淀生成

              C.可以通过升温实现由c点变到a点

              D.此温度下,KSP=4×10-18

学科网(Zxxk.Com)答案:(1)无法确定,(2分)NaHB溶液中同时存在HB¯        H++B

学科网(Zxxk.Com)HB¯+H2O      H2B+OH¯

因两个平衡程度无法确定,故难以确定溶液酸碱性。

(2)α=1%

(3)C、D

(4)C、D

学科网(Zxxk.Com)学科网(Zxxk.Com)解析:⑴无法确定,因为HB-同时存在HB¯        H++B2-,HB¯+H2O      H2B+OH¯两个平衡,因两个平衡程度无法确定,故难以确定溶液酸碱性。

⑵c(B2-)=1×10-6mol・L-1,则由HB-电离出的c(H+)=1×10-6mol・L-1又知pH=3,则溶液中c(H+)=1×10-3mol・L-1,所以H2B第一步电离出的c(H+)=1×10-3-1×10-6 mol・L-1, 则电离度α=

⑶在NaHB溶液中存在两个守恒,电荷守恒:c(Na+)+c(H+)= c(OH-)+c(HB-)+2c(B2-)

               质量守恒:c(Na+)= c(HB-)+c(B2-)+c(H2B)

 故C错误;因HB既存在电离又有消解,所以未全部生成B2,所以c(Na+)=0.1mol・L-1>c(B2-),故D错误。

⑷在沉淀溶解平衡曲线上的点表示的Ksp相等,故A正确;在d点,还未达到FeB的Ksp,则不会生成沉淀,故B正确;Ksp受温度影响,升温时,Ksp会发生变化,则通过升温不可能由c点变到a点,故C错误;此温度下,KSP=c(Fe2+)・c(B2-)=2×10-9×10-9=2×10-18,故D错误。

28. (Ⅰ)常温下,将某一元酸HA(甲、乙、丙、丁代表不同的一元酸)和NaOH溶液等体积混合,两种溶液的物质的量浓度和混合溶液的pH如下表所示:

 

实验编号

HA的物质的量

浓度(mol・L-1)

NaOH的物质的量

浓度(mol・L-1)

混合后

溶液的pH

    甲

0.1

0.1

pH=a

    乙

0.12

0.1

  pH=7

    丙

0.2

0.1

  pH>7

    丁

0.1

0.1

  pH=10

 

  (1)从甲组情况分析,如何判断HA是强酸还是弱酸?  ▲ 

  (2)乙组混合溶液中离子浓度c(A )和c(Na+)的大小关系是  ▲ 

    A.前者大    B. 后者大    C. 二者相等    D.无法判断

  (3)从丙组实验结果分析,该混合溶液中离子浓度由大到小的顺序是  ▲ 

  (4)分析丁组实验数据,写出该混合溶液中下列算式的精确结果(列式):

    c(Na+)―c(A-)=  ▲  mol・L-1

 

(Ⅱ)某二元酸(化学式用H2B表示)在水中的电离方程式是:

                   

回答下列问题:

  (5)在0.1mol/L的Na2B溶液中,下列粒子浓度关系式正确的是  ▲ 

    A.c( B2 )+c(HB )=0.1mol/L    B.c( B2 )+ c(HB )+c(H2B)=0.1mol/L

    C c(OH )=c(H+)+ c(HB )         D.c(Na+)+c(OH)=c(H+)+ c(HB )

 答案:  (1) a=7时,HA为强酸,a>7,HA为弱酸   (2) C

 (3) c(Na+ ) >c(A ) >c( OH) >c( H+)  (4) 10―4―10―6  (5) AC

解析:考查一元强酸与弱酸的比较及溶液中离子浓度比较问题。中等难度。(1)一元酸HA与NaOH等物质的量反应,酸性强弱取决于完全中和后盐的pH,a=7为强酸,a>7为弱酸;(2)据电荷守恒,有c(Na+ ) + c( H+)= c(A) + c( OH―-),因c( H+)= c( OH) ,所以c(Na+)=c (A);(3)丙为等浓度的HA与NaA的混合溶液,由pH>7知A-水解程度大于HA的的电离,离子浓度大小关系为c(Na+ ) >c(A ) >c( OH) >c( H+);(4)据电荷守恒c(Na+ ) + c( H+)= c(A) + c( OH),推导c(Na+ )―c(A)= c( OH)―c( H+)=10―4―10―6(5)注意题干中的电离方程式,判断A项为B元素的物料守恒,C项为溶液中的质子守恒。

  29.硫代硫酸钠(Na2S2O3)可看成是一个S原子取代了NazS04中的一个O原子而

    形成。某校化学研究性学习小组运用类比学习的思想,通过实验探究Na2S2O3的化学

    性质。

【提出问题】Na2S2O3是否与Na2S2O4相似而具备下列性质呢?

猜想①:溶液呈中性,且不与酸反应;

猜想②:无还原性,不能被氧化剂氧化。

【实验探究】基于上述猜想①②,设计实验方案。

 

 

    实验操作过程

 

    实验现象或

 

  预期实验现象

    现象解释

 

  (用离子方程式表示)

 

    

  ▲ 

   

溶液pH=8

   

猜想①

 

 

 

 

    向Ph=2的硫酸中滴加

 

    Na2S2O3溶液

 

 

      ▲ 

 

 

猜想②

 

向新制氯水(pH<2)中滴

 

加少量Na2S2O3溶液

 

  氯水颜色变浅

 

 

     ▲ 

 

  【实验结论】Na2S2O3能与酸反应,具有还原性,与Na2S2O4的化学性质不相似。

  【问题讨论】

  (1)甲同学取探究“猜想②”反应后的溶液少量,滴加硝酸银溶液,观察到有白色沉淀并

    据此认为氯水可将Na2S2O3氧化。你认为该方案是否合理并说明理由  ▲ 

  (2)若方案不合理,请你设计一个实验方案,证明Na2S2O3。被氯水氧化  ▲ 

答案:实验操作:把Na2S2O3溶于水,配成一定浓度溶液,把pH试纸置于干净的玻片,用玻璃棒蘸取溶液至pH试纸上,与标准比色卡对照,读出pH值

实验现象:有刺激性气味的气体生成,同时溶液中有淡黄色固体沉淀

离子方程式:S2O32―+ 4Cl2+5H2O=8 Cl+ 2 SO42―+10H+

(1)    不合理,因为氯水过量,氯水中含有Cl,无法证明AgCl沉淀中的Cl来源

(2)    取少量反应后溶液,加入BaCl2溶液,若有白色沉淀,则说明S2O32―被氧化

解析:本题考查验证性化学实验方案的设计以及实验现象、结论的表述。题目较易。基于实验目的,根据实验现象或结论很容易判断实验方案的设计目的及验证哪部分猜想。要求注意问题讨论中的细节,即(1)中猜想②的实验过程中滴加“少量”的Na2S2O3得出甲方案不合理的原因是过量氯水能提供Cl,与Ag +产生白色沉淀,干扰性质验证,可变换试剂,用钡盐检测氧化产物SO42―

30. 某兴趣小组为验证日常生活用的火柴头上含有KClO3、MnO2、S,设计了以下实验流程图:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   (1)为验证气体A,按右图所示进行实验:若能

观察到       的现象,即可证明火柴头上

含有S元素。

   (2)步骤②的实验操作装置如右图所示,该操

作的名称是       ,其工作原理是    

   (3)要证明火柴头中含有Cl元素的后续实验步

骤是          

   (4)有学生提出检验火柴头上KClO3另一套实验

方案:

 

 

 

 

20090227

提出上述方法中出现白色沉淀并不能充分说明火

柴头上KclO3的存在,其理由是              

(5)该小组猜测滤渣D对双氧水分解制氧气的速率会产生一定的影响,设计并进行了以下5次实验。

实验次数

H2O2溶液质量分数%

H2O2溶液用量/毫升

物质D用量/克

反应温度/℃

收集气体体积/毫升

所需时间/秒

30

5

0

85

2

3.8

15

2

0.1

20

2

2.8

15

2

0.2

20

2

2.2

5

2

0.1

20

2

7.4

30

5

0

55

2

10.5

        由上表可知,实验①和⑤能证明温度越高,化学反应速率越快,实验          证明物质D的用量越大,反应速率越快。

   (6)写出步骤①中发生反应的化学方程式                

答案:(1)KMnO4溶液(紫红色)褪色

(2)减压过滤(或抽滤), 工作原理是:当找开自来水龙头,装置内部的空气随自来水被带走,导致装置内部压强减小,使过滤速度加快,得到较干燥的固体物质。

(3)取滤液C,加入HNO3和AgNO3溶液,若观察到白色沉淀产生,即可证明火柴头中含有氯元素。

(4)ClO3¯+3NO2¯+Ag+=AgCl↓+3NO3¯

     AgNO2与AgCl均为不溶于水的白色沉淀。

(5)②和③

学科网(Zxxk.Com)(6)2KClO3 2KCl+3O2↑   S+O2SO2

解析:⑴若火柴头中含有S,则会燃烧生成SO2,通入酸性KMnO4溶液可以发生氧化还原反应使其褪色;

⑵操作②用的是减压过滤(或抽滤),工作原理是:当找开自来水龙头,装置内部的空气随自来水被带走,导致装置内部压强减小,使过滤速度加快,得到较干燥的固体物质。

⑶2KClO3受热分解生成KCl,再加入HNO3和AgNO3溶液,若观察到白色沉淀产生,即可证明火柴头中含有氯元素。

⑷有关的离子反应方程式为ClO3¯+3NO2¯+Ag+=AgCl↓+3NO3¯;AgNO2与AgCl均为不溶于水的白色沉淀。

⑸对比实验中,必须保持所要改变条件以外的其他条件不能改变,所以除D的量变化外,其他条件不能改变。故为②的③。

学科网(Zxxk.Com)⑹步骤①中发生反应的化学方程式为2KClO3 2KCl+3O2↑   S+O2SO2

 

 

 

 

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广东省梅县华侨中学2009届高考最后冲刺测试题

(文科数学)       

                          

 

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2009年化学新高考押题①

 

我不敢猜题,因为我猜不到;我很想猜题,因为这很有挑战。猜不到是肯定的,虽然我绞尽了脑汁、流了不少汗,无奈我智力低下,更无奈“道高一尺,魔高一丈”,所以希望读者朋友在做这些试题时不要抱有太多的期望。我是给那些临时抱佛脚的朋友送一程,如果有百分之一的相中,那就是我们的幸运。

第Ⅰ卷(选择题)

1.从毒韭菜到炸鸡翅、从速溶茶到儿童奶粉,关于食品质量的报道中不断有①“致癌农药”、②“苏丹红”、③“碘元素”、④“亚硝酸盐”等化学名词出现。业内人士告诉记者,化学性污染正成为危急食品安全的一大“杀手”。上述化学名词所提到的物质中,在某食品添加剂中允许含有但符合限量时不会引起中毒的是

A.②③④   B.②③   C.③④   D.只有③

答案C

 解析:根据题述几种化学物质中,在加碘食盐中含有碘元素、腌制食品中含有亚硝酸盐不会引起中毒。

2.如图是某无机化合物的二聚分子,该分子中A、B两种元素都是第三周期的元素,分子中所有原子的最外层电子都达到8个电子的稳定结构。下列说法不正确的是

A.该化合物的化学式是Al2Cl6    

B.该化合物是离子化合物,在熔融状态下能导电

C.该化合物在固态时所形成的晶体是分子晶体

D.该化合物中不存在离子键,也不含有非极性共价键

答案B  解析:将二聚分子变成单分子,得AB3化学式,根据两种元素都处于第三周期,可能是PCl3 或AlCl3,而在PCl3所有原子已达稳定结构,开成二聚分子的话不可能符合,故只可能是AlCl3。由于是二聚分子,属于共价化合物,不存在离子键。故选B。

3.化学用语是学习化学的重要工具。下列用来表示物质变化的化学用语错误的是  (    网

       A.氢气燃烧的热化学方程式为:2H2(g)+O2(g)===2H2O(g);△H=571.6kJ・mol-1学科网

学科网(Zxxk.Com)       B.明矾水解的离子方程式:Al3++3H2O      Al(OH)3+3H+学科网

       C.NaOH(aq)与NaHCO3(aq)反应离子方程式:HCO-3+OH-===CO2-3+H2O学科网

       D.钢铁电化腐蚀时,负极反应为:Fe―2e-=Fe2+学科网

答案:A

解析:氢气燃烧是放热反应,△H小于零,故A错。

2.下列叙述正确的是                                                                                             (    )学科网      A.△H>0的化学反应一定不能自发进行学科网

       B.反应2NO2(g)→N2O4(l)的熵(体系混乱度)增大(即△S>0)学科网

       C.环境保护的根本是研究怎样将污染物质转化为有用物质学科网

       D.使用含氟牙膏可以预防龋齿学科网

答案:D

解析:当△H-T△S<时,化学反应一定能自发进行,而不是仅根据△H的正负判断的,故A错;2NO2(g)→N2O4(l)是气体量减少的过程,是熵(体系混乱度)减小的过程,故B错;环境保护的根本是预防污染,故C错。

3.某合作学习小组讨论辨析以下说法:①粗盐和酸雨都是混合物;②天然气和石油都是可再生能源;③冰和干冰既是纯净物又是化合物;④不锈钢和目前流通的硬币都是合金;⑤盐酸和食醋既是化合物又是酸;⑥纯碱和熟石灰都是碱;⑦豆浆和雾都是胶体。上述说法正确的是                                                                   (    )

       A.①②③④            B.①②⑤⑥           C.①③④⑦            D.③⑤⑥⑦学科网

答案:C

解析:天然气和石油是不可再生能源,②错;盐酸是氯化氢的水溶液,是混合物,食醋的主要成分是乙酸,是混合物,故⑤错;纯碱是碳酸钠,是盐,熟石灰是氢氧化钙,是碱,故⑥错。

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答案:B

解析:干燥气体的装置中应进气管长,出气管短,故A错;二氧化碳比空气重,应用向上排空气法收集,所以应长管进短管出,故C错;分馏实验中,温度计没馏分的沸点,水银球应放置在蒸馏烧瓶的支管口处,故D错。

5.下列叙述中一定能判断某化学平衡发生移动的是                                               (    )学       A.混合物中各组分的浓度改变                                学科网

       B.正、逆反应速率改变学科网

       C.混合物中各组分的含量改变               学科网

       D.混合体系的压强发生改变学科网

答案:C

解析:对于反应前后气体的总量不发生改变的反应,增大或减小体积,体系的压强也发生改变,各组分的浓度都改变,但平衡不移动,故A、D错;加催化剂时,正逆反应速率同等程度地增大或减小,但平衡不移动,故B错。

6.25℃某一元强酸的体积为Va、pH=a,和体积为Vb、pH=b为的一元强碱混合后的pH为7,已知Va<Vb,且a=0.5b,则b的取值范围是:

A、 7/2<b<14/3    B、 7<b<28/3       C、 8<b<13      D、 9 <b<12

 

答案:B;

解析:本题要根据中和反应的实质:n(H+) = n(OH)-以及题中的Va<Vb, a=0.5b关系

列式求解,还要注意酸的pH<7,而碱的pH>7

7.如右图所示,一定条件下将1mol A2气体和3molB2气体充入一容积可变的密闭容器中,可滑动的活塞的位置如图1所示。在恒温恒压下发生如下反应:A2+3B2?2AB3。当反应达到平衡时,活塞位置如图2所示,则平衡时A的转化率是

A. 20%  B.40%   C.60%   D.无法确定

答案B

解析:根据容器中含有4mol气体时活塞在5的位置,而平衡时在4的位置,故平衡时气体的总物质的量为:×4=3.2,既减少了0.8mol。A转化了0.4mol。A的转化率为:×100%=40%。故B。

8.20世纪80年代初,美国一家公司意外发现,将一定量的盐酸克仑特罗添加到饲料中,可以明显促进动物生长,并增加瘦肉率。后来饲料生产及饲养行业干脆就称盐酸克仑特罗为“瘦肉精”。盐酸克仑特罗的结构简式如右图所示。下列说法正确的是

A.1mol盐酸克仑特罗一定条件下与H2反应消耗2molH2

B.盐酸克仑特罗的化学式为 C12H18Cl2N20・HCl

C.盐酸克仑特罗中含有酚羟基,遇Fe3+显紫色

D.盐酸克仑特罗在氢氧化钠溶液中反应后所得的有机物与NaHCO3反应生成CO2

答案B

解析:分子结构中含有苯环,1mol该物质的分子能与3molH2反应,但不含酚羟基,苯还上的Cl在NaOH溶液中反应后生成的有机物中含有酚羟基,但不能与NaHCO3反应,故选B。

9.相同条件下,下列装置中指定电极的电极反应式相同的是(  )

 

A.②④⑥⑦⑩   B.①③⑤⑧⑨    C.②③④⑤⑥⑦⑩    D.①③⑤⑦⑨

答案A

解析:在五个装置中,阳极都是Cl放电,故A正确。

10.阿伏加德罗常数NA,下列叙述正确的是 (    )

A.100g98%的浓硫酸中含氧原子个数为4NA

B.5.6g铁粉与硝酸反应失去的电子数一定为0.3NA

C.标准状况下,22.4LCH4和CH3Cl的混合物所含有的分子数目为NA

D.6.2g氧化钠和7.8g过氧化钠的混合物中所含有的离子总数约为0.7NA

答案C

解析:CH4和CH3Cl在标准状况下都是气态,C选项正确;100g98%的浓硫酸中有98g的硫酸和2g的水,氧原子数为4NA+1/9NA;铁和硝酸反应可以生成Fe2,亦可以生成Fe36.2g氧化钠中有0.2的Na和0.1的O27.8g过氧化钠中有0.2的Na和0.1的O22

11.在含氧酸中有一种称为原某酸的,一般不稳定,易脱水;它与对应的含氧酸的区别在于H、O原子数目的不同。例如:硅酸的化学式H2SiO3,原硅酸的化学式为H4SiO4;碳酸的化学式为H2CO3,原碳酸的化学式为H4CO4,据此可推知,下列结构简式中属于原甲酸乙酯的酯类是 (    )

  A.C(COC2H5)4     B.CO(OC2H5)2      C.H2C(COC2H5)2    D.HC(OC2H5)3

答案.D

解析:由题给信息,硅酸 转变为原硅酸是: ;碳酸 转变为原碳酸是:总结两个中的变化也就是将 与水提供的氢原子和―OH加成转变为: 结构,故此可类推甲酸转变为:,其和乙醇酯化时,三个羟基均和其发生反应,得HC(OC2H5)3

12.用石墨做电极,电解含C(Cu2+): C(Na+): C(Cl-)=1:2:4的混合溶液,在任何情况下,阴、阳两极下不可能同时发生的反应是(    )

A.阴极:2H++2e-=H2↑     阳极:4OH-- 4e-=2H2O+O2

B.阴极:2H++2e-=H2↑     阳极:2Cl--2e-=Cl2

C.阴极:Cu2++2e-=Cu       阳极:4OH-- 4e-=2H2O+O2

D.阴极:Cu2++2e-=Cu       阳极:2Cl--2e-=Cl2

答案C

解析:阳极离子放电顺序:Cl->OH-,阴极离子放电顺序:Cu2+>H+>Na+;所以电解氯化铜和氯化钠的混合溶液,第一步电解氯化铜(阴极:Cu2++2e-=Cu 阳极:2Cl--2e-=Cl2↑);第二步电解HCl:(.阴极:2H++2e-=H2↑ 阳极:2Cl--2e-=Cl2↑);第三步电解水:(.阴极:2H++2e-=H2↑ 阳极:4OH-- 4e-=2H2O+O2↑)。

13.已知C、D、E、F四种无机物均由短周期元素组成,且它们之间的转化关系如下,下列说法正确的是(   )

A.C为单质      B.E为氧化物    C.F为酸        D. C、D、E、F相对分子质量之差为16或16的倍数

答案B

解析:可联想C→CO→CO2→H2CO3;Na→Na2O→Na2O2→NaOH; S或H2S→SO2→SO3→H2SO4 ;N2或NH3→NO→NO2→HNO3 ;答案显然可以排除A、C、D。

14. V、W、X、Y、Z五种金属进行如下实验,根据实验以及现象推出的结论不正确的组别是(   )

组别

实验以及现象

结   论

A

将X与Y用导线连接,浸入稀硫酸中,X溶解Y不溶解

X的金属性比Y的金属性强

B

将片状的X、W分别投入等浓度盐酸中都有气体产生,W比X反应剧烈

W的金属性比X的金属性强

C

用惰性电极电解等物质的量浓度的Y和Z的硝酸盐混合溶液,有阴极上首先析出单质Z

Y的金属性比Z的金属性强

D

将金属Z投入V的盐溶液中,Z溶解了

Z的金属性比V的金属性强

答案D

解析:浸入稀硫酸中,X溶解Y不溶解,说明X金属性在氢前面,Y在氢的后面,所以不能确定X的金属性比Y的金属性强;X、W形状相似根据它们与酸反应剧烈程度就可以比较金属性强弱,惰性电极电解等物质的量浓度的Y和Z的硝酸盐混合溶液,有阴极上首先析出单质Z,说明Z金属阳离子容易得电子,即Z失电子能力较差,Y的金属性比Z的金属性强;铜与锌均可以与Fe3,故不能说明Z的金属性与V的金属性强弱。

15.中学阶级介绍的应用电解法制备的物质主要有三种:一是铝的工业制备、二是氯碱工业、三是金属钠的制备。下列关于这三个工业生产的描述中正确的是(    )

A. 电解法制金属钠时,负极反应式:Na++e=Na,

B.电解法生产铝时,需对铝土矿进行提纯,在提纯过程中应用了氧化铝或氢氧化铝的两性

C.在氯碱工业中,电解池中的阴极产生的是 H2 , NaOH 在阳极附近产生

D.氯碱工业和金属钠的冶炼都用到了NaCl ,在电解时它们的阴极都是 C1失电子

答案B

解析:A中电解质,只有阴阳极,没有正负极,其阴极反应为:Na++e=Na,C中NaOH是因为阴极附近水被电解留下OH-而产生的,D中在电解时它们的阳极都是 C1失电子。

16.下列实验操作或原理不正确的是                                                                      (    )学科网

       A.纸层析法中的展开剂之所以能够展开的主要原理是毛细现象学科网

       B.分液操作时,分液漏斗中的下层液体从下口放出,上层液体从上口倒学科网

       C.萃取操作时,应选择有机萃取剂,且萃取剂的密度必须比水大学科网

       D.测定溶液pH的操作:将pH试纸置于表面皿上,用玻璃棒蘸取溶液,点在pH试纸的中部,与对应的标准比色卡比较学科网

答案:C

解析:萃取时选择萃取剂时其密度可以大于水也可以小于水,故C错。

17.20℃时,饱和KCl溶液的密度为1.174g・cm-3,物质的量浓度为4.0mol・L-1,则下列说法中正确的是                                                     (    )学科网

       A.25℃时,饱和KCl溶液的浓度小于4.0 mol・L-1学科网

       B.此溶液中KCl的质量分数为学科网

       C.20℃时,密度小于1.174 g・cm-3的KCl溶液是不饱和溶液学科网

       D.将此溶液蒸发部分水,再恢复到20℃时,溶液密度一定大于1.174 g・cm-3学科网

答案:C

解析:温度升高,KCl的溶解度增大,饱和KCl溶液的浓度增大,故A错误;由质量分数和物质的量浓度转换公式CM=1000ρw可知,此溶液中KCl的质量分数应为,故B错误;KCl溶液的浓度增大,密度也增大,故C正确;温度不变时,KCl的溶解度不变,则饱和溶液有浓度也不变,仍为1.174 g・cm-3,故D错误。

18.取浓度相同的NaOH和HCl溶液,以3∶2体积比相混合,所得溶液的pH等于12,则原溶液的浓度为                                                    (    )学科网

       A.0.01mol・L-1              B.0.017mol・L-1         C.0.05mol・L-1              D.0.50mol・L-1学科网

答案:C

解析:设原溶液的浓度为c,NaOH体积为3 L,HCl体积为2 L,则,解得c=0.05 mol/L,故C正确。

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       A.图I是加入适当催化剂的变化情况     B.图II是扩大容器体积的变化情况学科网

       C.图III是增大压强的变化情况              D.图III是升温温度的变化情况学科网

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答案:D

解析:图I中加入催化剂只同等程度的改变化学反应速率,而不会使平衡移动,故A错误,图Ⅱ中只有速率变化,平衡未移动,应为加入催化剂的变化情况,故B错误;反应前后气体总量不变,故压强改变平衡不移动,故C错误;图Ⅲ中曲线乙先拐先达到平衡,故乙曲线表示的温度高,平衡逆向移动,XY%小,故D正确。

20.能促进水的电离,并使溶液中的c(H+)>c(OH-)的操作是                                    (    )学科网

       ①将水加热煮沸                                       ②向水中投入一小块金属钠学科网

       ③向水中通CO2                                                                              ④向水中加入明矾晶体

       ⑤向水中加入NaHCO3固体                     ⑥向水中加NaHSO4固体

       A.①②④⑤            B.①④⑤               C.③④⑤                D.④

答案:D

解析:水加热煮沸时,电离出的c(H+)和c(OH-)仍相等,故①错误;向水中投入金属时,生成NaOH,则会使c(H+)<c(OH-),有升高②错误;向水中通入CO2时,和水反应生成的H2CO3电离出的H+抑制了水的电离,故③错误;向水中加入明矾时,电离出的Al3+会结合水电离出的OH-生成Al(OH)3胶体,使水溶液呈酸性,且促进了水的电离,故④正确;向水中加入NaHCO3固体,HCO3-水解,虽促进了水的电离,但溶液呈碱性,故⑤错误;向水中加NaHSO4固体电离出的H+使溶液呈酸性,但抑制了水的电离,故⑥错误,故答案选D。

21.下列物质与其用途相符合的是                                                                          (    )学科网

       ①N2―保护气                                       ②SiO2―光导纤维     学科网

       ③AgI―人工降雨                                 ④碘―预防甲状腺肿大     学科网

       ⑤Al2O3―耐火材料                               ⑥NaClO―消毒剂学科网

       A.②③④⑤⑥      B.①②③④⑤       C.②③④⑤        D.全部学科网

答案:D

解析:氮气性质较稳定,常用作保护气,AgI见光易分解,吸收周围热量使温度降低,常用来进行人工降雨,Al2O3的熔点很高,耐高温,常用作耐火材料,NaClO中的Cl显+1价,有强氧化性,常用作杀菌消毒剂,故D正确。

22.某溶液中含有两种溶质NaCl和H2SO4,它们的物质的量之比为3∶1。用石墨作电极电解该混合溶液时,根据电极产物,可明显分为三个阶段。下列叙述不正确的是(    )学科网

       A.阴极自始自终只析出H2                                          B.溶液pH不断增大,最后为7学科网

       C.电解最后阶段为电解水                      D.阳极先析出Cl2,后析出O2学科网

答案:B

解析:可以先将溶质看成3 mol NaCl和1 mol H2SO4,转化一下思想,可以看成2 mol HCl,1 mol Na2SO4,1 mol NaCl,由于1 mol Na2SO4自始至终无法电解,且其溶液pH=7,暂时可以忽略;则电解过程可先看成电解HCl,再电解NaCl,2HCl=H2↑+Cl2↑,2NaCl+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑,生成的NaOH为碱性,pH大于7,故ACD均正确,答案为B 

II卷(选择题)

23. 中学教材高中化学第一册有如图3所示的铜与浓硫酸反应实验装置,该实验过程中会有二氧化硫气体放出,污染室内空气,严重地损害师生健康.为此某课外小组对此实验进行如图4所示的改进,改进的实验操作简单现象明显,并且几乎无二氧化硫气体泄漏。实验步骤如下:

①、首先按装置图安装仪器,安装仪器时,在支管胶塞的铁丝构上挂一片品红试纸。

  ②、向试管中加入约10毫升的浓硫酸,加热(在加热浓硫酸时,将铜片向上提起,铜片先不要伸入浓硫酸中),当加热至沸腾时,把铜片放下,使其完全浸入浓硫酸中,反应即刻发生。等不需要反应时停止加热并将铜片提起,离开浓硫酸,反应就停止了。

 

图3                                    图4

回答下列问题:

(1)如图4所示,铜片与沸腾的浓硫酸接触后可看到的现象有:                

(2)塑料袋作用是:                

(3)为了防止反应结束后留在试管中的气体和塑料袋中的气体污染环境,可 进 行 的 操 作是:                                                         

相关的离子方程式是:                            

 

答案:(1)支管口有白雾,试管中出现绿色,品红试纸褪色,铜片部分溶解。(回答出一个给1分, );

         (2)收集多余的SO2气体,防止污染空气;

(3)在反应后的试管中、塑料袋中加适量的碱吸收SO2气体    

SO2+2OH=H2O+SO32或SO2+OH=HSO3

解析:当铜片接触热浓硫酸时,有大量的白雾产生(白雾是由于二氧化硫气体与水结合形成亚硫酸小液滴缘故)并沿支管口喷在品红试纸上,使品红试纸的红色开始褪色,而且原来无色硫酸溶液开始变绿,当品红试纸完全褪成白色后,把铜片向上提使其离开浓硫酸溶液,反应马上停止。

评注:本题是考查实验装置的改进,源于教材而又高于教材,通过改进后,实验现象更明显,而且还符合环保,要求考生能了解各个装置图在实验中所取的作用,装置图读准确了,做题也就简单了。考纲明确提出出值得引起大家的重视。

24 有五种短周期主族元素A、B、C、D、E,已知:五种元素原子序数依次增大,其中A、E的单质在常温下是气体,B元素原子的最外层电子数是电子层数的2倍,D元素的单质常用于野外焊接铁轨,C元素是所在周期主族元素中原子半径最大的一种。

(1)试写出A、B两种元素形成的不含有非极性键的化合物的电子式:             

(2)试写出工业上用电解方法冶炼D单质的化学方程式                              

(3)写出C单质在空气中燃烧的化学方程式,并标出电子转移的方向和数目:

                                                               

(4)写出实验室制取单质E的化学方程式:                                       

答案:(1)(2)2Al2O34Al+3O2

    

(3)2Na+O2 ?Na2O2 (4)MnO2 +4HCl ?MnCl2 +Cl2↑+2H2O

解析:B元素若为第二周期,则是碳,若为第三周期则是硫,但原子序数比硫大的短周期元素只有氯,故不符合,只能是碳。在野外焊接铁轨用到的单质是Al,故D为铝,又因为A、E的单质在常温下为气体, 则A为氢、E为氯。在同周期主族元素中原子半径最大的是碱金属元素,故C为Na。

评注:本题考查的是元素周期律的相关知识,要求考生对元素周期表的结构有清楚的认识和了解。同时本题还考查了化学用语,如电子式的书写、氧化还原反应中电子转移的表示方法等。综合性较强,是一道元素推断题中的好题。

 

25. A和B两种物质的分子式都是C7H6O2,它们都能跟氢氧化钠溶液发生反应,A能发生银镜反应而B不能,A还能与溴水反应,1molA与足量溴水反应时消耗2mol Br2 ,B能与碳酸氢钠溶液反应放出CO2 。由A转化为B的过程可表示如下:

试回答下列问题:

(1)写出有机物的结构简式:C                   、D                         

(2)写出化学反应方程式:

   A与溴水的反应:                                                        

   B与E在浓硫酸存在下的反应:                                             

(3)在A转化为B的过程中第④步反应若溴水足量,再进行第⑤步反应,则生成的产物中可能含有碳碳叁键,试写出其含有碳碳叁键的物质的结构简式(有几种写几种)

                                                                               

答案:(1)

(2)

     方程式 略

(3)

解析:根据题给信息,A中含有醛基,同时含有酚羟基,A加成H2后环上发生消去反应,根据双键的位置A可能有两种结构,但根据与溴水反应消耗溴的量可确定A只能为对羟基苯甲醛。B为苯甲酸,C的结构为D的结构为

评注:本题是有机信息题,涉及的知识点广泛,综合性强较强,有不饱和烃、卤代烃、醇、醛、羧酸的相关性质,同时介绍了形成苯环的反应过程,要求考生能根据题给信息确定各步反应的产物。解题的关键是A的结构的判断,难点是形成碳碳叁键的产特结构判断。

学科网(Zxxk.Com)26. 在体积为1L的密闭容器中,进行如下化学反应:CO2(g)+H2(g)      CO(g)+H2O(g),反应焓变为△H,其化学平衡常数K和温度t的关系如下表:

T℃

700

800

850

1000

1200

K

0.6

0.9

1.0

1.7

2.6

    回答下列问题:

   (1)该反应的△H       零(选填“>”或“<”)

   (2)能判断该反应是否达到化学平衡状态的依据是                                          (    )

              B.混合气体中c(CO)不变

              C.V(H2)=V(H2O)             

              D.c(CO2)=c(CO)

   (3)若上述反应以CO和H2O蒸汽为起始反应物,

在T℃时CO和H2O浓度变化如右图所示,

则0―4min的平均反应速率v(CO2)=     

mol/(L・min),T=       ℃。

答案:(1)>   (2)B  C                            (3)0.03     850

解析:⑴温度升高,平衡常数增大,则平衡向正反应方向移动,说明正反应方向是吸热反应,则△H>为。

   ⑵化学平衡状态的标志:①各物质浓度不再改变,②V=V,故选BC。

   ⑶0―4min,△c(CO2)=△c(CO)=0.12 mol・L-1

则v(CO2)=

平衡时,生成的c(CO2)=c(H2)=0.12 mol・L-1,c(CO)=0.08 mol・L-1,c(H2)=0.18 mol・L-1,则平衡常数K=,所以T=850℃

 

 

 

 

 

    已知:A和C是由同一主族元素组成的化合物,x是工业上制D的重要原料。

    请回答以下问题:

   (1)x的化学式是                ,H的化学式是              

   (2)写出F→G的离子反应方程式                     

   (3)要实现B→E的转化,y的化学式可能是                 

   (4)1molH转化为K2EO4时需H2O2的物质的量是               

答案:(1)FeS2    Fe(OH)3

(2)2Fe+2H+H2O2=2Fe+2H2O

(3)CO  

(4)1.5mol

解析:G中加KSCN变血红色,说明G中含有Fe3+,则F中含有Fe2+,则E单质为Fe,则x中含Fe元素,E与D反应生成Fe2+,则D为酸,C为酸性氧化物,是由x经两次氧化得来,由所学知识可知,x为硫铁矿,即FeS2,A为SO2,B为Fe2O3,则还原Fe2O3生成单质铁常用CO作还原剂,即y的化学式为CO;C为SO3,D为H2SO4,H为Fe(OH)3,则K2EO4为K2FeO4,该生成反应的化学方程式为:

  2Fe(OH)3+3H2O2+4KOH=2K2FeO4+8H2O,所以1molH即Fe(OH)3转化为K2EO4时需H2O2的物质的量是1.5 mol。

28. 今有一澄清溶液,只可能含有下表中的若干种离子(存在的离子均大量):

阳离子

K+、NH4+、H+、Ba2+

阴离子

Cl-、CO32-、SO42-、OH-

现取三份上述澄清溶液各100mL,分别进行以下实验:

①第一份加入AgNO3溶液有沉淀产生

②第二份加入足量NaOH溶液加热后,收集到气体0.04mol

③第三份加入足量BaCl2溶液后,得干燥沉淀6.27g,经足量盐酸洗涤,干燥后,沉淀质量为2.33g

请回答以下问题:

   (1)100mL溶液中c(SO2-4)=          

   (2)第三步实验中沉淀减少的原因是(用离子方程式表示)            

   (3)上述澄清溶液中除SO42-以外,一定能大量存在的离子是              

答案:(1)0.1mol・L

(2)BaCO3+2H+=Ba+CO2↑+H2O

    (3)NH4+、K+、CO3

解析:由题意知,NH4+、H+和OH-不共存,Ba2+和CO32-、SO42-不共存。由实验①知四种阴离子都可能存在;由实验②知溶液中一定有NH4+,则一定无OH-;由实验③知溶液中一定有CO32-和SO42-,且n(SO42-)=n(BaSO4)=,故c(SO42-)=。BaCO3可以溶于稀盐酸,而碳酸钡不溶,所以沉淀减少。

29. 常温下在20mL 0.1mol/LNa2CO3溶液中逐滴加入0.1mol/L HCl溶液40mL,溶液的PH值逐渐降低,此时溶液中含碳元素的微粒物质的量浓度的百分含量(纵轴)也发生变化(CO2因逸出未画出),如下图所示,回答下列问题:

(1)在0.1mol/LNa2CO3溶液中C(Na+):C(CO32-)      2(填“?”或“?”或“=”)。其溶液中所有阳离子和阴离子的浓度有何关系?(用等式表示)                      

(2)当加入盐酸使溶液PH值为10时,混合液中含碳元素的离子物质的量之比为          

(3)H2CO3、HCO3-、CO32-三种含碳组分在溶液中       (填“能”或“不能”)同时共存,理由           

答案:(1)?   ;C(Na+)+C(H+)=2C(CO32-)+C(HCO3-)+C(OH-)  

 (2) n(CO32-):n(HCO3-)= 1:1

(3)不能      在任意的PH值做一条平行含碳组分的线与三含碳组分最多有两个交点(其他合理答案也给分)

解析:本题涉及到Na2CO3与盐酸反应、图象分析、盐类水解、化学计算等知识。Na2CO3溶于水时,CO32发生水解而使其离子数减少,即c(Na+)∶c(CO32)>2。观察图象,当溶液的pH=10时,c(CO32)=c(HCO3)。随着盐酸的加入,溶液的pH变小,HCO3离子的浓度变化趋势是先增大后又减小(图中曲线B的变化)。H2CO3、HCO3-、CO32-三种含碳组分在溶液不能共存在,在任意的PH值做一条平行含碳组分的线与三含碳组分最多有两个交点。

30. N2在化工生产、农业、医疗、航天航空等诸多领域用途广泛。某化学兴趣小组

  同学为探究在实验室制备较为纯净N2的方法,进行了认真的准备。请你参与交流与

  讨论。

  [查阅资料] N2的制法有下列三种方案:

  方案l:加热条件下,以NH3还原CuO可制得N2,同时获得活性铜粉。

  方案2:加热NaNO2和NH4Cl的浓溶液制得N2

  方案3:将空气缓缓通过灼热的铜粉获得较纯的N2

学科网(Zxxk.Com)

[实验准备]  以实验室常见仪器(药品)等设计的部分装置如下图(有的夹持和加热仪器未画出)。

[分析交流]

  (1)若按方案1制得干燥、纯净的N2,且需要的NH3以生石灰和浓氨水作原料,整套制

    气装置按气流从左到右的顺序连接的顺序是(填写装置序号)  ▲  ,获得N2的反

    应原理是(写化学方程式)  ▲ 

  (2)若以排水法收集N2,其中会混入水蒸气。但也不宜用排空气法收集,其原因是  ▲  ,你提出的收集方法是  ▲ 

  (3)若以方案2制得N2 ,应选择的发生装置是(填写装置序号)  ▲  ,为使发生装置能

    安全进行实验,可在烧瓶中先加入  ▲ 

  (4)上述三个方案中,制得的N2纯度最低的是  ▲  。在N2纯度要求不甚严格的情况下,有人建议将方案l和方案3结合使用,你认为其优点是  ▲ 

答案:(1)E→D→B→C  ,2NH3+3CuO3Cu +N2↑+3H2O

(2) N2的相对分子质量28与空气的平均相对分子质量相近,无法排净空气

以赶出空气的瘪塑料袋直接收集

3         A      碎瓷片

4         方案3  ,CuO和Cu可循环反复利用,节省药品

解析:以N2的制备为切入点考查制备实验方案的设计应遵循的可行性原则分析以及气体的制备。中等难度。 (1)方案1的制备关键是制取纯净干燥的氨气和氮气,根据制取原理,则选用装置连接的先后顺序为E→D→B→C,其他则是根据反应物、产物配平化学方程式的过程;(2)与空气式量接近的气体,用排空气法收集都不能得到排净;(3)方案2为液+液气体,发生装置应选择A,类别有机实验常涉及到的液体加热制取气体防止瀑沸,加入碎瓷片;(4)应从从制备实验方案遵循最主要原则是:实验简单易行,节省原料,对空气无污染的角度进行评价。

 

 

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试题详情

江苏省新高考最后冲刺练习

I.                   单项填空

1.Would you like me to show you the way to the station?

A. With great pleasure!   B. Yes, you could.   C. Good idea.   D. That’s very kind of you. 

2.When the spaceship traveled above, _____ new-looking earth appeared before us, ____ earth that we had never seen before.

A. the, the    B. a, an         C. an , the      D.  the, an                         

3. - What do you think of my composition?

- It _____ well ______ a few spelling mistakes .

A. reads , except for   B. reads , besides     C. is read ; except for    D. is read , besides  

4.They suggested not only _______ to the party but also give a performance.

A. did we go     B. should we go      C. we should go      D. our going           

5. ― You seemed to be deeply struck by his skill.

  ― Not exactly so. It was his courage_____ his skill that really struck me most.

A. rather than     B. as well as     C. but also       D. not only                     

6. We must realize that ______ can do______ job is suited to his brain and ability.

A. everyone , that   B. someone , what   C. everyone , whatever    D. someone , which   

7. ― What’s the matter with you?

  ― ______ the window , my finger was cut unexpectedly.

A. Cleaning      B. To clean      C. While cleaning      D. While I was cleaning     

8. ―We’ve decided to take part in the Christmas dinner party at school tomorrow, Jeffrey, what about you?

   ―Well, __________you are going, so will I.

A. when        B. if          C. as long as          D. since                 

9. He was glad to learn _____was among the names ticked off as finalists.

A. his             B. he             C. himself         D. he himself          

10. There is no experience you can have ______is more exciting than skating on real ice.

A. that           B. it            C. what          D. this                    

11. _____David loves his daughter, he is strict with her.

A. While      B. Once       C. If          D. When                         

12.The beauty of this was driven home to me _____ Jane died.

A. in the summer    B. the summer      c. during the summer       D. the summer when    

13.There ______ to be one billion people learning English now.

A. is said       B. is being said       C. are said          D. are been saying      

14. ―I wish you wouldn’t have your TV so loud.

   ― OK, a little down. But ____to sleep?

A. do you try    B. were you trying   C. had you tried    D. have you tried      

15. It’s terrible. The car ____break down just as we were going on our holiday.

A. should      B. would    C. could     D. must                        

16. ―Why didn’t you turn up at the meeting?

   ―I____ for a long-distance call from my cousin in England.

A. waited    B. had waited    C. was waiting   D. have been waiting            

17. Under good treatment, Linda is beginning to____ and will soon recover.

A. pick up    B. wake up    C. grow up   D. show up                          

18. Teenagers are warned to be careful when making friends on line, because when you can’t see a person, they could be ________.

A. everybody    B. somebody    C. anybody    D. nobody    

19. ―I really thought I’d pass the driving test.

― Oh, well, ______, Bill

A. you are wrong   B. better luck next time   C. best wishes    D. I agree with you     

20. ― Well, I’m afraid it’ll be too crowded if you spend your holiday by the seaside at this time of year.

  ― _____I go to the countryside?

  ―It’ll be more enjoyable, I think.

A. How do you like    B Do you suggest   C.  What if     D. How about       

21. I know how it ______ : if she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she_______.                                                          (b)

A. is; will do    B. will be; does    C. has been; would be   D. be; has done

22. It was, I should say, very kind of you to come all the way to help them, but you_______ it.

A. didn’t have to do  B. wouldn’t have done C. mustn’t have done D. mightn’t have done    

23. After the Arab states won their independence, much attention was paid to developing education, with girls as well as boys______ to go to school.

A. been encouraged     B. being encouraged    C. to be encouraged   D. be encouraged  

24. That gentleman, yes, you. Once again, _______?

A. may I ask     B. will you    C. isn’t it     D. am I right      

25. The best job is ______which uses your skill in doing something together with your interest in the subject.

A, something    B. the one    C. one     D. it    

26. ―It’s five years since I worked here.

 ―____?

A. Have you worked here happily   B. How long will you work here    

C. Where do you work now        D. Do you want to work here longer       

27.―Tim, you might as well apologize to Mary.

―____. I didn’t mean to harm her.

A. No way     B. No problem   C. No chance    D. No means        

28. Mr. Smith was sent by a long-distance call _____ to see his dying mother.

A. to hurry   B. hurrying    C. hurry   D. hurried       

29. ―Pardon?

―____the mobile phone Miss Green has been robbed of?

A. Where was   B. Had     C. Is      D. Has

30. The girl is an excellent student and not once in these years _____caught being late.

 A. has she got    B. she has been     C. was she    D. she got       

31. All these changes will lead to_____ stronger and more powerful China, _____ country that can surprise and enrich our planet.

A. a; a           B. a ; the          C. the ; a       D. the; the          

32.I should thank you ______ that you should thank me.

A. because    B. rather than       C. for      D. as     

33. I’m sure all will go well as _____ ..

A. being planned   B. planned     C. having planned       D. planning 

34. ------ What did she _____ so much money .

  ------ Nothing but a necklace made of glass.

A. spend on     B. pay off        C. buy for       D.  sell to       

35. ------ Are you ready to leave ?

  ------ Almost , I’ll be ready to go just as soon as I ____ putting the clean dishes away.

A. get through       B. give up       C. carry   out        D. set about 

36.Mr Johnson enjoyed ______ again by working in the factory because he always hates _____ while staying alone at home all day long.

A. him ; that      B. it ; it     C. himself ; it        D. himself ; that         

37.All the players came to the sports field at 7:30 and _____ .

A. then the game begin           B. then did the game begin

C. then began the game           D. began then the game                   

38. ------ I am sorry to trouble you , sir .

 ------- ______.

A. My pleasure.    B. What’s wrong with you ?    C. What seems to be the problem 

D. It doesn’t matter.                                                      

39. The teacher is examining the article I have just finished _____  the possible mistakes in it.

A. to correct      B. correcting       C. having correcting        D. corrected 

40. Your children are often frightened of school at first, but soon _____ it.

A. get off         B. get across       C. get along              D. get over    

41.The WTO’s rules― the agreements are the _______ of talks between the countries.

A. reason         B. result           C. discovery             D. ending      

42.At _____ time _____ America give _______ its interests in Iraq.

A. not ; / ; of      B. not ; does ; away     C. no ;/ ; in         D. no; does ; up    

43.The Johnsons have three daughters , one a baby, and _____twins of twelve .

A. another       B.  the other       C. the others       D. others             

44. ----- The Hanks should either keep dogs in the house or _____ .

  ------ I’ll talk to Hank about it . He usually listens.

A. tied up       B. tie it up        C. tie up          D. tying up              

45. Have our soldiers _____ the enemy’s lines yet?                                 

A. broken away from   B. broken out   C. broken through   D. broken into

46.---Jane, you look tired, let’s have a coffee , OK?

 --- Oh, I’m sorry to have to ____  to work , but I’ll see you again soon, anyway.

a.        burst into b. rush off c. take action d. turn up

47. He hasn’t yet had supper. He _____ late at the concert.

a.        is going to arrive b. is to arrive c. will arrive c. is arriving

48.It’s unimaginable that so little notice is ____ of these warning.

a.        taken b. made c. paid d. required

49. If you won’t do as I tell you to, you ____ go to the party.

a.        won’t b. shan’t c. don’t d. can’t

50. ---You should have well prepared for the speech, John.

  --- Yes, I know . But could I ___ the meeting date fixed so soon?

a. which b. after c. as d. with

51.---He is talking with her to warn her not to be late any more.

 ---____.

a.        Not at all b. No way c. No use c. No matter

52. How many years will have to pass___ scientists succeed in providing a treatment for cancer?

a.        when b. before c. since d. until

53.---I’d like to go to the cinema with you, Dad.

 ---Sorry, my darling, but the film is ___ for adults only.

a.        admitted b. intended c. promised d. permitted

54.---How do you find your missing pen?

 ---____.

a.        Quite by accident b. I found it in my drawer c. It writes well D. It was well kept by my father.

55. If people keep polluting the river , no fish there will survive ______ .

A. at all cost      B. for a long while    C. by no means   D.   in the long run      

56.---David, it’s Frank. Do you have a few minutes? I need to see you.

  ---____. But I hope “ a few minutes” don’t turn into an hour.

a.        I’m afraid not b. It doesn’t matter c. I don’t think so d. I guess so

57. One ____ be too hardworking in learning a foreign language, as he thinks it worth learning.

a.        mustn’t b. needn’t c. shouldn’t d. can’t

58.Want to type faster? Just come to our school to have more ____.

a.        chance b. experience c. success d. practice

59. ---Look! Someone has spilt coffee on the carpet.

   ---Well, it ___ me.

a.        isn’t b. wasn’t c. hasn’t been d. hadn’t been

60.---Oh, I should have brought my umbrella.

  --- ____. Mine is enough for two.

a.        Go ahead b. Go back c. Come over  d. Come in

61.---Would you please send either Tom or Mike to me?

  --- I’m afraid ____ of them is busy at the moment.

a.        either b. neither c. each d. both

62. ---Excuse me!

   ---_____?

   --- Could you tell me the way to the post office?

a.        Why b. Yes c. Pardon d. Please

63. Facing the emergence, we were at a loss and none of us could ____ a solution to the problem.

a.        come about b. come out c. come up against d. come up with

64. --- Are you waiting for a bus from the office of the city government?

   --- Yes, I arrived here at the bus stop ten minutes ago, but the bus____.

a.        hadn’t come b. won’t come c. didn’t come d. hasn’t come

65. ---The weather is too hot ___ April this year.

   --- It was still ___ when I came here 3 years ago.

a.        in, cooler b. for, hotter c. for, cooler d. in, hotter

66. The ___ of UFO has been round for a long time, but none has even been produced as evidence.

a.        event b. story c. adventure d. description

67. Some people are not real friends. They are superficial(表面的),only “friends” on the outside, not the inside ___ it counts.

a.        when b. where c. that d. which

68. ---Have you finished checking the paper?

   ---Yes, we did three times; there ___ be no more errors.

a.        will b. might c. can d. ought to

69. ---When did he go to America?

   ---Oh, he ____ there since half a year ago.

a.        went b. has been c. has gone d. was

70. ---Haven’t seen you for ages. Let’s have a get-together next week.

   ---_____.

a.        It’s a deal b. I’m broken c. I’m behind you d. Let’s face it

71.Pop music is loved by lots of people, but it is not to everyone’s _____.

a.        taste b. favour c. sound d. smell

72. Children in China today, who are always ____ by their parents, soon become selfish.

a.        put away b. looked after c. given in to d. dealt with

73.Intelligence does not ____ mean success. You need diligence as well, which will lead you to be progressing rapidly.

a.        hardly b. formally c. simply d. necessarily

74. They say that, without family life, old people go to pieces mentally, for they live a very lonely life. The underlined phrase means______.

a.        lose the ability to think or act clearly

b.        feel like killing other people morally

c.        go out for a walk for mental health

d.        cut something into pieces to let out the disappointment.

75. Marty says he understands economic theory, but judging from what he was saying just now, he’s talking through his hat! What does the underlined part mean?

a.        He only knows how to make hats.

b.        He is telling what he understands.

c.        He is saying something he knows nothing about.

d.        He is introducing seriously about business matters.

76. ---Yao Ming has begun his new season in NBA.

   ---Yes, he couldn’t have wished for a ___ start to the new NBA year. He scored 19 points in 20 minutes in the opening game.

a.        good b. better c. best d. nice

77.I simply couldn’t understand how it ____ that you did so much work within such a short time?

a. come about b. came back c. came up d. came along

78.---He failed his exam.

  ---But what did you _____? He never passes any of his exams.

a.        know b. want c. think d. expect

79. The large screen on the television sets gives them a great advantage ____ small ones.

a.        above b. over c. of d. on

80. --- The couple will fly to London with their children this afternoon?

   --- No, in fact, their plane ____ from Shanghai ahead of time.

a.        has taken off b . will taken off c. is taken off d. is being taken off

81.The cruelty of the Germans towards the Jews and ____ of the Japanese towards their prisoners, filled ____ with horror.

a.        those, someone b. it , no one c. that, everyone d. this, anyone

82. The attempt to bring the quarrelling couple together again ____ to people’s astonishment.

a.        came off b. came out c. came around c. came through

83. ---This is Xiao Dong speaking.

   ---Hi, Xiao Dong, please stay at home. I’ll___ you at 6 o’clock and we will go to the cinema together.

a.        call for b. wait for c. search for d. look for

84. ---Haven’t we met each other at ______ party?

   --- Yes, but I can’t remember whether it is ____ Christmas when we were in college.

a. a, the    b. the , a     c. a, a    d. a, /

85. ----You’d better keep quiet in class.

   ----Sometimes I ____. Yesterday, I was very quiet during my English class.

a.        would b. do c. did d. have

86. ---Excuse me, is my breakfast ready? I have to go to an important conference.

   --- Well, it won’t be____.

a.        long b. easy c. fast d. enough

87. We must realize that _____ can do ____ job is suited to his brain and ability.

A. everyone ; that   B. everyone ; whatever C. someone ; what   D. someone ; which 

88. There is not one of us ____ wishes to help you. We are doing our best.

a.        who b. that c. as d. but

89. --- I really don’t know how to thank you enough.

   ---_____.

a.        No problem b. Think nothing of it c. Not at all d. It doesn’t matter.

90. They’ve done quite well and should be encouraged to____.

a.        carry it on  b. take it up c. keep on it  d. keep it up

91. The traveler drank up ____ little water there was left in the bottle.

a.        in which b. that c. no matter how d. what

92. A book mark is something put between the pages of a book to mark the place.

Do you often have ___ to do so?

a.        it b. one c. that d. this

93. ---Is there said ____ a house ____ down by him?

   ---I’ve never heard of that.

a./; burnt  b. to be; burning c. to have; burnt d. to be ; burnt

94. At the meeting, the speaker spoke of something that had nothing to do with the study of English before he came to the _____.

a.        importance b. topic c. subject d. point

95.Opposite to your conclusion, sir, I am sorry to say:____ to sunlight for too much will certainly do harm to people’s health.

a. Exposed b. Exposing c. Being exposed d. Be exposed

Answers:

96.---Helen returned home last night at last .

 ---Really ?Where __________?

A.      was she  B. has she been  C. had she been  D. would she be

97.---What do you think of the Prime Minister’s address to the nation ?

 --- I like _____ of what he said .

A.      more  B. many  C. few  D. much

98. There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities ,eager for the ____ of modern society .

A. benefits  B. goods  C. pleasure  D. possessions

99. ---Why did she spend so much time searching shop after shop for a blouse ?

 --- Oh, she was very _______ about her clothes .

A.      special  B. especial  C. unusual  D. particular

100.After driving for thirty miles , he suddenly realized that he ________ in the wrong direction .

A.      had been driving  B. was driving  C. has been driving  D. drove

101. You have made a few mistakes in your composition but ______ you have done well .

A.      first of all  B. on the whole  C. on the other hand  D. generally speaking

102.---Look ! You’ve made the same mistake again !

 --- Oh no, not again !________ that mistake.

A.      I always make  B. I’m always making  C. I’ve always made  D. I always made

103.The train was ten minutes ______ time .They were surely to catch it .

A.      after  B. behind  C. ahead of  D. in

104. I _________ violin lessons every two weeks , but I think I’ll make it every week from next month.

A.      am having  B. have had  C. have  D. have been having

105.__________ , it began to run unexpectedly .

A.      While he was cleaning the machine  B. While cleaning the machine

C. To clean the machine  D. He was cleaning the machine

106. Such ______ the case , I couldn’t help but ______ him .

A. being ; support  B. is ; to support  C. has been ; supporting  D. be ; supported

107.---Look at the terrible situation I am in !If only I _____ your advice.

  --- Don’t worry . Try again .

A.      follow  B. would follow  C. had followed  D. have followed

108.________ to somebody , a British person often shakes hands with the stranger.

A.      Introducing  B. To introduce  C. To be introduced  D. On being introduced

109.He traveled to many mountain villages and saw many poor children out of school. This experience ____ his life .

A.      would change  B. had changed  C. was to change  D. was changing

110.Only those ______ knew well could be let in .

A.      what  B. he  C. which  D. who

111.---Anything to ______ your present research work ?

  --- A great deal , to tell you the truth.

A.      follow  B. deal with  C. carry on  D. do with

112.Not having been there before , he simply had no idea about the place , ______ is worth visiting .

A.      which everyone says  B. everyone says that 

C. everyone thinks it     D. what everyone said

113.Whenever I have an appointment, I’d like to arrive _______.

A.      ahead of time a little  B. a little time ahead 

C. a little ahead of time   D. ahead of a little time

114. Because she hates dishonesty, she is _____ on her son when he tells lies.

A.      strict  B. heavy  C. hard  D. tight

115. Glad to see you back. How long _______ in Japan?

A.      did you stay  B. have you stayed  C. were you staying  D. have you been staying

116. In front of ________ remained of my old house, I took some pictures ,which called up my childhood.

A.      what  B. the place  C. where  D. which

117.You were very clever to _____ him . He had cheated the rest of us .

A.      look through  B. see through  C. look over  D. see off

118.When we think of communication we _____ think of using words --- talking face to face , writing messages , and so on .

A. shortly   B. probably  C. practically  D. normally

119.John ________ such a thing about you . He never speaks ill of you behind your back .

A.      can’t have said  B. might not have said  C. couldn’t say  D. mustn’t have said

120. People don’t want _______ another war.

A.      there could be  B. to be  C. to have  D. there to be

121.Besides the two others, there was still ______ third one who said he was _____ second to reach the top .

A.      a ; a  B. a ; the  C. the ; the  D. the ; a

122. ---Is your daily life _____ of other teens?

  --- In many ways , yes .

A. like  B. the same  C. one  D. the

123. However , at times this balance in nature is _____ , resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects .

A.      troubled  B. puzzled  C. disturbed  D. mixed

124. I always prefer starting early _____ leaving everything to the last minutes .

A.      or else  B. in case  C. rather than  D. for fear

125. Helen used to be very shy , but she has grown _______ it now .

A.      without  B. over  C. away  D. out of

126.---I’d like to have a piece of bread and two eggs.

  --- Anything ______?

A.      following  B. follows  C. to follow  D. to be followed

127.---I am so tired , working all morning on the farm .

  --- Why not take a rest ?

  ---_______________.

A. Because I cannot afford it   B. Maybe I should

C. I don’t know             D. Sorry , I cannot tell you

128.It was foolish of you to take a taxi ______ you could easily walk there in five minutes .

A. before  B. till   C. so that  D. when

129.Taking this kind of medicine , if _______ , will possibly do him great harm .

A.      to continue  B. continued  C. continuing  D. having continued

130.______ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party .

A.      Few of  B. Few  C. The few  D. A few

131. If human beings had been a bit less greedy and cruel , more birds and animals _____ dying out .

A.      ought to avoid  B. could have been avoided 

C. should have avoided   D. might have avoided

132.She wants to find a job that her parents think _____ her.

A.      fits  B. fitting  C. fit  D. to fit

133.---I’ll talk to my son Bill about it as soon as possible . He usually listens .

  --- We need _____ listening . We need action .

A.      more than  B. less than  C. not more than  D. no more than

134. The old man has one son and two daughters, _____ are kind to him , ____ makes her sad.

A.      neither of them ; which       B. all of whom ; which 

C. none of them ; it              D. none of whom ; which

135. I have no idea _____ they have kept in touch with me by writing letters since last year.

A. what   B. how long  C. why  D. when

136.With a lot of difficult problems _______ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time .

A.      settled  B. settling  C. to settle  D. being settled

137.------ I hear the workers in this factory get paid by ______ week.                     

------ Correct, and most of them get about 300 yuan _____ week.

A. /; a    B. the; /    C. a; the   D. the ; a

138.----- I’ll thank you _______ my affairs alone.                                    

----- I will. It’s none of my business.

A. leaving   B. to leave   C. for leaving     D. not to leave

139.Mrs Bush stood ______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.

A. surprised   B. surprising   C. being surprised   D. to be surprising

140.It was in the lab _____ was taken charge of by Prof. Haris _____ they did the experiment. 

A. which; that   B. that; which   C. whom; that   D. which; where

141.As we have planned, we’ll get to Beijing to attend her sister’s wedding party. We’ll visit our

mother school _____ we get there.                                             

A. if    B. when   C once   D. even if

142.The people invited to the ball may wear _____ they please.                  

A. whatever   B. wherever    C. whenever   D. however

143.The woman carrying babies, come in first ,_____?                              

A. will you   B. will they   C don’t they  D. don’t you

144.His strong Shangdong accent _____ him _____ when he told a lie.                  

A. put; off    B. let; out   C. gave ; away    D. turned ; up

145.According to Bill Gates, the idea _____ we can play video games and receive E-mails without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear _____ this kind of computer will be on sale and ______ it will cost.                                             

A. which; that; what   B. /; whether; how much   C. that; ; when; what   D. that; that; how much

146.-----Do you think living in the country has advantages?                            

-----______.

A. Yes, perfectly   B. Yes, it is   C. Nothing at all   D. Well, that depends

147.I wonder why you won’t do it as ______ and it’s the third time you have done so.       

A. told you   B. be told   C. told to   D. you told

148.----- Would you agree with what I said just now?                            

----- ________.

A. Who cares?   B. Never.   C. You took the words right out of my mouth

D. I don’t know whether it’ll work or not

149.It is required that the subject referred _____ immediately.                          

A. is discussed   B. to being discussed   C. be discussed   D. to be discussed

150.The bronze mirror of the Han Dynasty on show in Shanghai Museum is ____ the one Sam saw.                                                                    

A. two thirds the size of  B. two thirds as much as   C. as two thirds big as

D. the two thirds size of

151.I really don’t know how you _____ their constant quarrelling.                     

A. put up   B. put away  C. put by   D. put up with

152.Suddenly a boy skater fell into the cold water. Almost at the same time, many people _______.                                                              

A. rushed for help   B. came for the boy’s rescue   C. came for his help   D. got to the boy’s rescue                                                            

153.----- You may laugh, but I’ve been thinking of becoming a vegetarian.                 

----- Oh, you ____ be out of your mind. You will be hungry all the time.

A. must   B. may    C. will   D. should

154.I _____ to telephone a friend in New York for the last two hours but the line is still engaged.

A. tried   B. have been trying    C. had been trying    D. had tried                

155.Mr Smith sold that magnificent cottage of his on the sea _____ 2,000,000 dollars.        

A. at     B. for   C. to    D. by

156.-----Why didn’t you turn up at the meeting?                                 

----- I _____ for a long-distance call from my cousin in England.

A. waited    B. had waited   C. was waiting   D. have been waiting

157.Scientists believe native Americans arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia and _____ 10,000 years.                                                

A. this is Alaska   B. Alaska is now   C. is now Alaska   D. what is now Alaska

158.---- I put him down for a well-educated man.                                    

----- ________?

----- I mean that he’s a well-educated man.

A. Speak louder, will you   B. I beg your pardon    C. What’s that   D. Will you repeat word for word

159.----Why! Where’s my passport? Maybe I left it on the plane.

----- My Goodness! You _____ things behind.                                   

A. had never left   B. didn’t leave   C. never left   D. haven’t left

160. _____ Mary _____ Sue knows nothing about the matter, _____ they didn’t come to the school last Friday.                                                            

A. Either; or; because   B. Both; and ; as   C. Neither; nor; since   D. Not only; but ; for

161.You can’t imagine that rates eat 40 to 50 times _____.                           

A. in weight   B. by weight   C. of weight   D. their weight

162.Carol said that the work would be well done by the end of October, _____ personally I wondered completely.                                                     

A. which   B. at which   C. in which   D. for witch

163. In October the citizens of Shanghai were always in high spirits, for pieces of exciting news came to the city ____.                                                   

A. step by step   B. one by one   C. little by little   C. one after another

164. You must get up earlier to catch the first train, _____?                              

   A. needn’t you   B. mustn’t you   C. will you   D. won’t you

165.Would you mind giving me ______ on the subject before I write the composition?       

A. a few more advice   B. a little more advice  C. a little more advices  D. a few more advices

 

                                  A

The night was dark, though sometimes the moving clouds allowed a star or two to be seen in the sky. The poor men held on to any bit of ___1__ they could find. They called to the Marie for ___2__, but she was far ___3__ the reach of the human voice. At one o’clock in the ___4__ the water was getting ___5__, and even worse a strong ___6__ had begun to blow. Suddenly ___7__ were seen in the distance: another ship! The shouts of the ___8__ were heard on board, and willing hands pulled them out of the water. The ___9__ of the ship that had so ___10__ arrived on the scene in time to save their lives was the Ellen. What had brought her to the exact spot through the darkness and the pathless sea? Her captain had known ____11__ of the wreck and had, indeed, attempted to sail away from it. But let him speak for himself.

“I was forced by the wind,” he said long afterwards, ” to ___12__ my course. Just as I did it, a small ___13__ flew across the ship once or twice and then ___14__ at my face. I took ___15__ of this until exactly the same thing happened a ___16__ time, which caused me to think it rather ___17__. While I was thus ___18__ it, the same bird, for the third time, made its appearance and flew about in the same way as before. I was then ___19__ to change my course back to the original one. It had not gone far ___20__ I heard strange noises; and when I tried to make sure where they came from, I found I was in the middle of people who had been shipwrecked. I immediately did my best to save them.”

1. A. cloth

B. flower

C. paper

D. wood

2. A. food

B. help

C. rest

D. stop

3. A. between

B. out

C. beyond

D. in

4. A. afternoon

B. noon

C. morning

D. midnight

5. A. colder

B. deeper

C. saltier

D. warmer

6. A. smoke

B. wave

C. sand

D. wind

7. A. people

B. lights

C. ships

D. houses

8. A. sailors

B. captains

C. birds

D. swimmers

9. A. name

B. owner

C. captain

D. designer

10. A. slowly

B. early

C. immediately

D. fortunately

11. A. everything

B. nothing

C. something

D. anything

12. A. continue

B. sail

C. change

D. turn

13. A. fish

B. fly

C. plane

D. bird

14. A. flew

B. stopped

C. stayed

D. looked

15. A. no care

B. good care

C. no notice

D. some notice

16. A. good

B. second

C. third

D. long

17. A. interesting

B. funny

C. common

D. unusual

18. A. searching

B. expecting

C. considering

D. studying

19. A. decided

B. advised

C. persuaded

D. invited

20. A. when

B. while

C. as

D. after

 

We had just taken off from Athens and found ourselves under the control of two hijackers (劫机者).

    I was  1  serving the first-class passengers  2  I was forced against the door.  3  kicked me in the chest, and I  4  a gun at my head.

    Two men, very excited, were  5  Arabic at me. I said, "I can speak   6  ," one of the hijackers replied in  7  German, "Open the door. We come to  8  ." The other was holding some grenades (手榴弹), the pins (弹栓)   9   and bitten between his teeth.

    I  10   the key to the driving room, and the hijackers started  11  and kicking at the door. "Captain," I shouted, "Open up!" Suddenly the  12 flew back, knocking a grenade pin out of the hijacker's  13  . Instinctively (本能地) I picked it up and  14  it back between his teeth.

    In the room they said, "Beirut, Beirut," but they spoke almost no English. I was translating everything   15  , and the hijackers were beating the flight engineer with a pistol (手枪). Captain John Testrake said, "OK, we're going to Beirut, but we  16  get flight clearance." They said, "No. You fly to Beirut with a map. 17  . We went into a 180-degree turn, and  18  one hijacker held his pistol.

    The crew wanted to see if we had enough fuel to make Beirut, but the hijackers said, "It doesn't matter. Go until the fuel runs out." Every time copilot Philip picked up a  19  , they frightened him with a gun. I was crying and shaking, and the German-speaker said, "What are you  20  about? I'm not going to hurt you."

1.A.seldom       B. then             C. now          D. usually

2.A.after         B. before           C. when         D. while

3. A. Someone     B. The hijackers    C. One hijacker   D. A passenger

4. A. watched     B. found        C. glanced           D. felt

5. A. translating   B. shouting              C. writing           D. calling

6. A. German     B. English               C. Arabic            D. French

7. A. rough       B. broken                C. simple          D. excellent

8.A.beat         B. knock         C. die            D. strike

9.A.come        B. supported            C. removed        D. turned

10.A.did have      B. could have            C. couldn't have      D. didn't have

11. A. knocking    B. striking              C. pushing         D. pulling

12.A.pin          B. pistol                 C. door            D. map

13.A.hand         B. mouth               C. clothes           D. pocket

14. A. struck       B. put               C. threw              D. knocked

15.A. into German   B. from English       C. into Arabic         D. from German

16. A. may         B. have to             C. can            D. ought to

17.A. So we did     B. So did we        C. Nor we did       D. Nor did we

18. A. all the time   B. from time to time  C. at one time  D. at a time

19.A. tool         B. map             C. radio           D. book

20. A. certain      B. nervous             C. frightening      D. worried

A

A Battery’s Worst Nightmare (噩梦)

Portable electronics that can be carried about easily are only as good as their batteries and, let’s face it, batteries aren’t very good, especially when compared with, say, petrol, which packs 100 times a battery’s energy into an equal space. That’s why a large group of mechanical engineers (centered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but with partners at other universities and companies) are hard at work in an effort to replace batteries with a tiny engine that runs on fuel. Imagine a battery-free life! When the fuel runs out in your laptop or mobile phone, you just fill up and go.

The engine―about the size of a ten-cent coin―starts with a combustion chamber (燃烧室) that burns hydrogen (氢) . Its tiny parts are etched onto silicon wafers (硅片) in the same manner that computer parts are imprinted onto integrated circuits (集成电路). The first engine is made up of five wafers. And since these wafers could be produced in much the same way as computer chips, they could probably be produced quite cheaply.

But the devil in all this nice detail is efficiency(效率). Tiny engine parts don’t always behave like their scaled-up parts of the first engine. Something between the parts can slow down the works, according to Columbia University professor Luc Frechette, one of the engine’s designers. Extreme heat from the combustion chamber is also a problem, often leaking to other parts of the engine.

The scientists’ goal is to create an engine that will operate at 10 percent efficiency ―that is, 10 times better than batteries operate. Frechette says that a complete system, with all parts of place and working, will be set up in the next couple of years, but commercial models aren’t like until at least the end of the next ten years.

1. According to the passage, the title suggests that ________

   A. batteries should be greatly improved       B. petrol will be used instead of batteries

   C. the time of batteries will be gone forever   D. pollution caused by batteries must be solved

2. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “devil” in paragraph 3?

        A. problem                       B. advantage                 C. invention                      D. technique

3. What can we infer from the passage?

        A. The new invention doesn’t need any fuel.

        B. The new engine has been produced in quantity.

        C. The new invention is much cheaper than the battery.

        D. The new engine needs to be improved before it’s on sale

4. What is the main purpose of this passage?

        A. To introduce a new invention to readers.

        B. To persuade readers not to use batteries.

        C. To show us how the new invention works.

        D. To declare when the engine will be on sale.

 

B

Starting school late should be the guiding principle (原则) for high schools around the Puget Sound District. Next year, Seattle’s Nathan Hale High School will join the growing list of schools starting a little later to allow students an hour’s extra sleep. As a national research has shown, a later start time benefits students both in learning and physical development.

For school leaders, it isn’t easy to make the change. Bus schedules have to be rearranged, sometimes presenting the districts with a choice of keeping traditional starting times at high schools or forcing elementary students to start much earlier. Some sports practice and event schedules can also be affected.

Around Puget Sound District, the Bainbridge Island School and Inglemoor High School and Mercer Island High School have either moved starting time later or created flexible (灵活的)schedules for students. Two of the Seattle district’s high schools, Summit and The Center School, already start at 9 a. m.

There are excellent reasons for such moves. Scientists have found that teenagers’ bodies usually aren’t ready for sleep until around 11 p. m. And the teens can sleep deeply until 8 a.m. A study in Minnesota found that students earned slightly better grades and experienced less depression (抑郁). There was also a significant improvement in school dropout rates. Other studies have suggested that teenagers with enough sleep relate better to their peers and their parents. These advantages are increasingly well known. Nathan Hale officials have been tracking the studies for six years. But change isn’t happening rapidly, if at all.

Some of the lack of rush to make changes comes from comfort with the existing condition. Parents - like the school leaders - are used to the present schedules. In Edina, Minnesota, however, parents quickly came to like the 8:30 a. m. start. A survey showed that 92 percent of parents preferred the schools’ new time to the previous 7:20 a. m. class bell.

Any school action that can deal with such difficult problems as depression and dropouts , while helping students with grades and getting along with parents, is one that is worthy of serious attention in every school district. Teenagers have adapted (使适应) their sleep needs to school schedules for generations. It’s time that more schools put the students’ needs first.

5.What is the writer’s attitude toward the change in school time?

        A. He is in favor of it.                                  B. He seems to object to it.

        C. He is unconcerned with it.                

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2009年高考化学实验题预测

山东省平邑县第二中学  杨 坤

       新课程理念下高考试题注重突出了能力考查,而高考试题中的实验题无疑成为综合考查学生能力的首选题型之一。纵观近两年各地高考的化学试卷(包括理综卷化学试题),无一卷中不考查化学实验题。2009年的《考试大纲》中在对学生的能力要求中又明确提出了“化学实验和探究能力”,可见该类试题必是高考的必考题型。因此认真研究领悟高考化学实验试题的特点,对提高高考成绩将大有帮助,本文下面将结合近两年高考化学实验试题的命题特点和趋势,对2009年高考化学实验题题型作出如下预测。

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2009年高考化学动向预测             

 

 

 

2009年高考化学最新动向预测

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