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思想政治课教学要转入素质教育的轨道
在社会主义市场经济条件下，中学生的思想状况有许多新的变化，他们关心国内外大事，渴望了解我国改 革开放、建设有中国特色社会主义的重大方针政策；他们思维活跃，面对社会上一些腐败现象和拜金主义问题 ，在人生价值方面产生诸多疑虑；他们对思想政治课的教学要求甚高，不满足于背条条、考条条，希望教师能 在理论和实践的结合上，情理交融地解除自己的思想疑惑。思想政治课的教学改革必须适应我国社会主义市场 经济发展的形势，针对中学生的思想实际，围绕思想政治课的教学任务，切实贯彻理论联系实际的方针，彻底 改变应试教育的模式，把教学真正转入素质教育的轨道。具体地说，思想政治课教学改革应注意下列四个问题 ：
[初中地理论文]中学地理学科能力层次问题探讨
普及初中教育而带来的“两极分化”现象是实施素质教育所必须正视的一个问题。为使每一处学校中的每 一个学生都能主动地学习，学科教学必须“因材施教”，实行“分层次教学”。“分层次教学”所面对的首要 问题是如何划分教学内容和学科能力的层次。本文仅就中学地理学科能力层次问题谈谈我们的粗浅认识。
能力是人们成功地完成某种活动所必须的个性心理特征。它是身体的生理机制与心理机制的综合体，包括 体力、智力和心力（非智力因素）。其中，智力是能力的灵魂，因而成为学科能力的核心。根据现行课程方案 和中学地理教学大纲对中学地理教学的要求，以及学生心智（心力和智力）发展（阶段性）特点，我们认为中 学地理学科能力可分为下列三个层次。
The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools
【Thesis】: With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers are in great demand to organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with the limitation of students' vocabulary, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions and body movements. In this article, the possibility and the effect of using body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing will be further discussed.
【Key words】: English teaching in middle schools, body language
I. Introduction
As everyone knows, the classroom teaching is one of the most important ways that the students learn English. As far as the English teaching in the middle schools is concerned, teachers have to arouse the students' interest so that they may learn better. There are many ways to arouse the students' interest and help them to learn better, body language used in English teaching is one of them.
Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language research, Fen. Lafle. Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn't have grown into a normal person". It's also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students' characters. For, teachers are usually respected, and factually, what or how the teachers say and do will be possibly imitated by the students (sometimes subconsciously). In a word, teachers' graceful body language helps to improve the students' artistic-appreciation and moral character. If the students develop a wonderful body language, which will possibly leads them to form an optimistic and active feelings, they will surely have a more smooth interpersonal relation.
The affection of teachers' body language on the students is reflected not only by establishing a good example, but also shortening the teacher-student estrangement by which a more harmonious studying atmosphere is created. As a matter of fact, teachers' friendly appearance can greatly encourage the students' studying enthusiasm. Furthermore, the characteristics of theoretic and abstraction of knowledge also requires the vivid, dramatic and an accessible gestures to make it specific and figurative. As a result, the students' interest is motivated and the effect of teaching is greatly improved.
II. The necessity and importance of using body language in English teaching
English teaching is a key part of the school education. With the English teaching methods reform, more and more English teachers organize the teaching process in English so that they may realize the Communicated English. The Communicated English means that teachers instruct the students and explain questions basically in English, and the students are also required to use English in class. Contemporarily, however, the students in the middle school can't speak very well; neither can they understand why they should use different tones in different time or situation; their&nb sp;vocabulary and expressive ability are limited too. These limitations made it difficult to realize the Communicated English in the classes. According to the students' present level and practical situation, body language is required. For example, when a teacher gives an instruction: "You two, please come to the blackboard." The students can easily understand it if the teacher looks at (or points to) some two students. Then, the teacher points to the blackboard. The students will carry out the order without obstacle even if they don't hear the key words "blackboard" clearly. Furthermore, teachers usually have to explain some language points, and at this time, they have to differentiate the classroom expressions and the examples. Take it for example, we ought to use the form 'have done' such as 'Have you finished that job jet?'" To make the students understand clearly, a teacher has lots of ways. To do it by speed, he uses a common speed when reading "we ought to use the form 'have done'", and reads slowly when giving examples; he can also get the effect by repeating&n bsp;the example 'Have you finished that job jet'; a more frequent way is to use gestures to lay emphasis on the key points when he said "have done"(emphasizing it in voice at the same time), he reaches out his index finger, pauses in the air, and then gives out the example. This action will usually give the students a deep impression. From the above we can learn, the use of body language in English teaching is necessary and practical. In the English teaching in middle schools, body language is frequently used to improve the teach ing effect and the students' ability.
III. The concrete application of the body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing
1. Body language helps to improve listening
The Greek philosopher Epictetus ever wittily said: "Nature has given man one tongue and two ears that he may hear twice as much as he speaks." From the saying we can learn how important the listening is in our daily life. To understand others is a basic purpose in English teaching, and teachers often train the students' listening accordingly. In this process, if the body language is used, the effect will be better. When beginning a new lesson, the teacher narrates the story outline in English. The body language may help. For example, a&n bsp;teacher can stretch his arms slowly when he says "She is in a very big room"; he can open his eyes widely with mouth opened when he says "She is so beautiful a lady". As a result, the students will have such an impression: She is very beautiful indeed; a teacher who imitates the crying or the movement of the animals under the premise of teaching order will surely achieve a better effect.
2. Body language helps to improve speaking
The spoken language is one of the important ways to communicate, so we should try to develop the students' ability of speaking. Factually they are helped to reach the aim in a certain degree by their teacher's body language.
The contemporary emphasis is gradually laid on spoken English teaching. The first lesson of every unit in Senior English begins with dialogue. The teaching programs require the teachers to organize the class to practice English according to the characteristics of dialogue. Generally speaking, the body language can arouse and sustain the students' interest of learning and using English. In the English class, the teachers should not only use body languages themselves, but also ask the students to use them according to the different situation. Take it for example, the f irst lesson in Unit one, Book one is about the time when the new students first meet, and they don't know each other. So a teacher can introduce himself first, such as: "Hello, everyone, nice to meet you here. Now I'll introduce myself to you. My name is Arthur. I like playing basketball, for, it makes me much stronger; I like playing chess, for, it makes me more clever; and I like reading books, for, 'reading makes one perfect'". During the introduction, the teacher should use the new vocabularies and sentence structures together& nbsp;with a vivid expression and mating gestures as possibly as he can. He smiles when he says hello to the class; he shakes hands with some students saying "Nice to meet you"; he writes name down on the blackboard; he imitates the action of dribbling and shooting at the basketball, playing chess and turning pages to explain his hobby. After his introduction, the teacher can create a circumstance for the students to practice: "Mary and Jack are new classmates. They are walking together in the street, and they meet one of Jack's old f riends, Yangpei. Then Yangpei and Mary are introduced to each other by Jack." After the students' practice the dialogue is introduced naturally from it. Usually, the application of body language in different situations will result in an attracting and successful lesson.
3. Body language helps to improve reading
The purpose of Senior English teaching is to train the
students' preliminary ability of using spoken and written English. In the
senior school, we lay emphasis one the reading ability that serves the
students' further study. Here we mainly mention the helpfulness for reading
aloud(朗读).
When reading the sentences, attention should be paid to where to speak softly, emphasize, and raise or lower our tone. To make it clear, we can imitate the strong or soft pats that are used in music teaching, which means to use the arcs to represent different tones. Generally speaking, we use falling tones in declarative and special interrogative sentence, first rising tones and then falling tones in the choosing interrogative sentence. The students in the middle school are not often accustomed to and always confuse them, however, with the help of body&nbs p;language, they can solve the problem much more easily. For example, they use gestures. As they read the choosing interrogative sentence, they raise their hands in rising tones and lower in falling tones. After training for some times, as soon as they read the sentences, they will remind themselves of the gestures. As a result, there will be no problems in rightly reading the sentences at all.
In a word, the vivid gesture together with the fluent English can create a good circumstance of learning, which will surely play an active part in improving the students' reading ability.
4. Body language helps to improve writing.
Writing is one of the four basic skills of learning language, and it is so important a skill that we can even say without it, people can't communicate with others. Not only should the students get some English knowledge and vocabularies, but also the ability to communicate in spoken and written English as what is mentioned in the teaching programs. To some extent, writing is much more important than speaking, for it can spread without the limitation of space and time. Since the students learn English as a media for communication, they should have& nbsp;the ability of writing.
To get rid of the students' feelings of being dull and tiring, an English teacher has to use every possible method. This is the same to the writing. Teachers use different method in order to improve the students' ability of writing, among which, the application of body language can deepen the object impression, such is magnificent in developing the students' writing ability.
The linguist Franklin ever said, "Tell me, I'll forget; teach me, I'll remember; involve me and I'll learn." If we asked the students to write an unfamiliar composition, they would probably be unable to and feel discouraged. However, the students can write excellent articles if they have the experience. In and out of class, we should ask the students to participate some English-related activities, and then ask them to write it down. Take "The First Snow in Winter" for example, having enjoyed themselves in the beautiful snowing and been giv en some hints, the students can write much better a composition. For contrast to their complete imagination, the students are deeply impressed by the body movement of the teachers and themselves, which surely leads to a better article.
IV. Conclusion
Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished, during which the students should practice as much as possible. To exert the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. The use of body language can not only attract the students' attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding&nbs p;body language. In the end, the students' ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.
Bibliography:
1. He Guangkeng, The Basis
of English Teaching and Learning Methods, Ji
2. Shen Minxian,
The Use of the Body Language in Elementary School,
3. Gu Xueliang,
The Basic Technical Training in English Teaching,
4. Hu Chundiao, The English Teaching and Learning Methods, Higher Education Press, 1990
5. Liu Yongfa, Liu Xuan'en, The Practical Body Language, Hua Wen Press, 1997
6. Wu Zongjie,
Why has the global capital market grown so rapidly in recent decades?Will this growth continue through?
Dictionary of Business defines the capital market as a market in which long-term capital is raised by industry and commerce, the government, and local authorities. The money comes from private investors, insurance companies, pension funds, and banks and is usually arranged by issuing houses and merchant banks. Stock exchanges are also part of the capital market in that they provide a market for the shares and loan stocks that represent the capital once it has been raised. It is the presence and sophistication of their capital markets that distinguishes the industria l countries from the developing countries, in that this facility for raising industrial and commercial capital is either absent or rudimentary in the latter.
The global capital market has grown so rapidly in recent decades. So I would like to discuss about it in the essay.
This essay is organized as follow, introduction, body, conclusion. In the body part, Section 1 shows why has the global capital market grown so rapidly in recent decades. Section 2 talks about the continuance of the growth throughout the 2000s.
Body
1. Why has the global capital market grown so rapidly in recent decades
In recent decades, the global capital market has grown so rapidly because of the rise of privatizations mainly. With private capital flows rising from less than 5 percent of world GDP in 1975 to about 20 percent today, privatizations have significantly increased market liquidity. And also privatization takes a potential role global capital market development.
A. The Rise of Capital Market-Based Finance
Capital market-based finance has in fact been increasing in importance, both absolutely and relative to financial intermediary-based finance, in both developed and developing countries over the past decade. And also capital markets are in fact winning the present and seem likely to dominate the future of corporate finance in developed and developing countries alike.
a. The Stable Role of Commercial Banking in Modern Economies Ordinary "relationship banking" appears to be (at best) holding its own as a source of corporate financing around the world, and is more likely in decline. The bits of banking that are growing rapidly are those parts that provide high value-added products (especially risk management tools) and provide large-scale syndicated credits to corporate borrowers. During the late-1980s and early-1990s, when
From 1983 to 2000, this was a period of very rapid growth in the capitalization of markets in every country except
c. The Dramatic Growth in Securities Issuance Volume Since 1990
Another way of measuring the rise of capital markets is to examine whether their share of annual corporate financing activity has grown relative to that of other sources of funding. Security offerings by US issuers accounted for two-thirds of the global total throughout 1990-1999, that implies that non-US securities issues in creased from $ 191 billion in 1990 to $ 750 billion in 1998, and then to $ 1.19 trillion in 1999. The surge in non-US issuance volume in 1999 was largely due to the popularity of euro-denominated bond issues, which actually exceeded&n bsp;dollar-denominated bond issues for much of 1999.
d. The Phenomenal Growth in Venture Capital Financing in the United States
One highly specialized, but extremely important type of financing has also grown very rapidly over the past decade, and especially so since 1997. This is venture capital investment by US venture capital partnerships. The fund-raising patterns of these private equity investors are discussed in Gompers and Lerner (1998), and the competitive advantages of US venture capitalists versus those in other developed countries are described in Black and Gilson (1998).
e. The Surge in Mergers and Acquisitions Worldwide
The almost incredible increase in the total volume of merger and acquisition activity that has occurred since 1990. While takeovers have always played an important role in the
Next I will document that share issue privatizations have truly transformed share ownership patterns of investors in many different countries.
B. Privatization's Impact on Stock and Bond Market Development
We should be careful in inferring causation regarding privatization's impact on market growth, since a shift in ideology or some other exogenous political or economic change might have caused both the privatization and the overall boom.
a. Total Proceeds Raised by Privatization Programs
It is clear that national governments have been among the biggest winners from privatization programs, since these have dramatically increased government revenues, which is clearly one reason the policy has spread so rapidly. As mentioned above, Privatisation International [Gibbon (1998, 2000)] reports that the cumulative value of proceeds raised by privatizing governments exceeded $ 1 trillion sometime during the second half of 1999. As an added benefit, this revenue has come to governments without having to raise taxes or cut other public services. b. Privatization's Impact on International Investment Banking All international investment banks compete fiercely for share issue privatization mandates, for two principal reasons. First, because the offerings are so large and so visible--and are almost always designed to help promote the market's capacity to absorb subsequent stock offerings by private companies--these are very prestigious mandates. To date, the large US and British brokerage houses have had the most success in winning advisory and underwriting mandates, though all countries that launch large-scale SIP programs tend to favor local investment banks as "national champions" to& nbsp;handle the domestic share tranche. The second reason banks compete so fiercely for SIP mandates is because they can be extremely profitable. In spite of the fact--documented by Jones, et al (1999) and Ljungqvist, et al (2000)--that SIPs have significantly lower underwriting spreads than private sector offerings, their sheer size and lack of downside price risk make them very lucrative for underwriters.
2. Will this growth continue throughout the 2000s?
As we indicated above, the global capital market has grown so rapidly in recent decades cause of the privatizations rise. Privatizations increased the market liquidity. Now we have already stepped into the 21st century. I believe that the growth will continue for the following reasons. First, most of the south-east
Summary and Conclusions
This essay examines the impact of share issue privatizations (SIPs) on the growth of world capital markets (especially stock markets). I begin by documenting the increasing importance of capital markets, and the declining role of commercial banks, in corporate financial systems around the world. I then show that privatization programs-- particularly those involving public share offerings--have had a dramatic impact both on the development of non-US stock markets and on the participation of individual and institutional investors in those stock markets.
This has told the reason of the fast growth of global capital market. And then I succinctly indicated the continuance of the rapid growth, the great future.
The last but not the least is the recommendation. I can confidently assert that, if executed properly, a series of share issue privatizations can indeed promote the growth of global capital market, which will yield economic and political dividends for many years to come. That means there is a need to encourage the development of SIPs in order to gain growth of global capital market.
References
Dictionary of Business,
The Economist (April 12, 1997), "Fragile, Handle With Care: A Survey of Banking In Emerging Markets."
The Economist (April 17, 1999), "On A Wing and A Prayer: A Survey of International Banking."
Gibbon, H., 1998, "Worldwide Economic Orthodoxy," Privatisation International 123, 4-5.
Gibbon, H., 2000, "Editor's Letter," Privatisation Yearbook,
Gompers, P. and J. Lerner, 1998, "What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising?" Brookings Papers On Economic Activity--Microeconomics, 149-192.
Jones, S.L., W.L. Megginson, R.C. Nash, and J.M. Netter, 1999, "Share Issue Privatizations As Financial Means To Political and Economic Ends," Journal of Financial Economics 53(2), 217-253
Kester, W.C., 1992, "Governance, Contracting and Investment Horizons," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5(2), 83-98.
Ljungqvist, A.P., T. Jenkinson and W.J. Wilhelm, Jr., 2000, "Has the Introduction of Bookbuilding Increased the Efficiency of International IPOs?"
Maher, M. and T. Andersson, 1999, "Corporate Performance: Effects On Firm Performance and Economic Growth," OECD Working Paper (
Prowse, S., 1992, "The Structure of Corporate Ownership in
Porter, M.E., 1992, "Capital Choices: Changing the Way
初中思想政治课教学应注重教育性和实效性
初一年段是学生从儿童向少年过渡，起承上启下作用的年级。教师应根据初一学生的心理特点和认识水平，发挥思想政治课的教育功能，对他们加强道德教育、纪律教育、法制教育，引导他们认识人生的意义和价值，树立科学的人生观和世界观，培养良好的行为习惯和心理品质，为他们今后学会做人、学会学习、学会生存奠定坚实基矗。
以教材内容为主的原则。 初一《思想政治》教材编写富有一定特色，融思想性、故事性、趣味性和传统美德于一体，其中的基本知识、事例、数据、警句、格言等，具有较强的教育性和实践性。它是在小学以“五爱”为基本内容的思想品德课的基础上，进一步对初一学生进行合格公民素质的教育，培养学生爱国、爱民、天下为公、祖国利益高于一切的思想，正确认识和处理好个人与国家、集体间的关系，树立为国家、集体做奉献的观念。教材是教学内容和教学要求的具体体现，是进行教学和思想教育的基本依据。初一《思想政治》教材中的热爱劳动，艰苦奋斗；热爱科学，勤奋学习；尊敬师长，孝敬父母；遵纪守法，文明礼貌；忠诚老实，追求真理等内容，从各个方面体现了中华民族优良的文化传统和道德要求。为了人类的进步，四化的实现，应激励学生“为中华崛起而读书”，逐步树立起社会责任感，把自己塑造成为符合时代要求的社会主义新一代。因此，教师要以教材为出发点，立足课本，化抽象为具体，系统、形象地通过课堂教学，使学生获得知识，提高能力，接受教育，学会做人。要避免离开教材内容，牵强附会地信口开河，这样既不符合大纲要求，也达不到教育的目的。
理论联系实际的原则。 理论联系实际是思想政治课教学最基本的方法和重要原则。它是从教材内容实际、学生本身实际和当前社会实际出发，提出具体的教育要求，来确定教学内容，选择思想渗透的方法。由于初一学生受心理发展、理解能力和社会经验的限制，这条原则对初一《思想政治》教学尤显重要。当前，社会在迅速发展变化，人们的思想观念也在不断地升华更新，随时会给学生带来各方面影响，给思想政治课提出新问题新要求。所以，教师要有敏锐的政治嗅觉，不断地捕捉各种社会信息和社会热点问题，分析学生思想上存在的疑难、困惑和模糊问题，观察学生言行中所出现的各种情况，掌握学生的思想脉搏，了解学生中共同关心的问题，及时地调整、补充教学内容，理论联系实际，有的放矢地进行教学。教师要在理论上和实际行为上给学生以正确引导，使学生达到认识上的升华，行为上的实践。通过具体生动的社会、政治、经济现象的分析去启发学生从中引出正确的结论。要改变思想政治课理论脱离实际的状况，关键在于提高政治教师的各方面素养，改进教学方法。政治教师要扩大眼界，拓宽视野，要讲政治，多学习，善分析，努力提高自己的素质和理论水平，把客观实际与教材内容、理论原理有机地结合起来。
正面教育为主的原则。 应通过教师树立榜样，对学生进行积极诱导，使学生提高认识，辨别是非，掌握正确的行为规范和道德标准，从而形成良好的思想品德。思想性是政治课的灵魂，政治方向明确，思想内容健康，具有正面教育效果，是上好思想政治课的基本保证。初一学生思想未定型，具有反复性和动摇性，也具有较强的模仿性和向师性。对初一学生如果能不失时机地施以正面的良好教育，会获得极佳的教育效果，对他们整个中学阶段以至一生都将产生很大影响。本人在教学实践中体会到，施行正面教育要从四个方面入手：（１）强化教师职业意识。（２）提供正面典型材料。（３）理解学生，尊重学生。（４）重视学生非智力因素，培养学生个性。
总之，指导和培养初一学生获得“会学”的方法，是思想政治课教学改革的一个重要任务，对于学生学习其他学科将会产生连锁效应，对学生今后的学习工作和成才也将产生不可低估的影响。
从科学探究入手,推动化学课改的深入进行
新课改不仅只是教学内容的除旧布新或教材的更新换代，而是以课程改革为突破口的基础教育新一轮全方位、立体式的整体观念的整体改革，是全面实施素质教育的关键环节、新课程的核心理念是关注人，以人为本，一切为了每一位学生的发展的富有时代特征的教育理念，是立于21世纪人才观的全面教育，不是以眼前升学为目的教育，在化学学科的课程改革中，实验教学有更要的地位，通过探索化学规律和理论，同时提高学生学习化学的兴趣。
分组进行英语教学全面提高学习成绩
几年来，通过不断研究，不断实践，我摸索出一种办法，就是分组进行教学，提高了差生的英语成绩，较好地解决了两极分化问题。1993年我在初三年级两个教学班中使用分组教学，112名学生中考及格率达95.3％，优秀率达49％，平均分80.1分，三项指标名列全县前茅。1994年，我又接初三两个班的英语课，仍然采用分组教学的形式，通过一年的努力，使这两个基础较差的班级中考及格率达到89．7％，比刚接课时提高38个百分点。
改革考试制度减轻学生精神负担
传统的考试形式、内容及其评估方式，对学生精神压力太大。使学生个性得不到发展，特长难以发挥。
为了改革这种被动局面，我摸索了一套行之有效的考试方法及评估模式。实行“两种考试并行，三种活动辅助”的新评估模式。两种考试并行，即开卷考试（占40％）与闭卷考试（占60％）并行。概念的形成，规律的推导，物理学史实，实验的操作，实践应用等方面进行面试或开卷考试，可以查阅资料，可以相互研讨，最后师生共同讲评，这样面向全体学生，人人积极主动探究，为进一步掌握高层次科学知识打下坚实的基矗而对于开发智力，培养能力，提高思维素质的题目进行闭卷考试，试题要有层次，有梯度，形式新颖不拘一格，同时要有一定的难度，让每个同学在自己的起跑线上，跳一跳，够得着，不论哪种测试，都不用百分制，实行等级制，淡化分数，使同学心悦诚服，欢畅乐学。
“三种活动”指的是一章一活动，一编一竞赛，一年一答辨。以此作为检测同学智能的主要途径，通过这些活动，一可增强师生竞争意识；二可充分展现自我；三可加重智能检测比例；四可突出物理知识在实践中的意义。例如在高三学年总复习前，拟定了“高中物理基本思路与方法探讨”的答辨论文题目，同学积极准备，踊跃答辨，取得了良好效果。一位同学从“合成与分解”，“整体与隔离”，“宏观与微观”，“力与运动”，“图象”，“能量守恒与转化”，“潮等几个方面基本完整地总结了高中物理所涉及的思路和方法，为全面复习做好了思想准备工作。
优化课堂结构减轻课业负担
课堂教学是学生接受知识的主战场，打破“堂上由着老师灌”的局面，实施“四主”，“三同步”的新教学模式。四主是学为主体，教为主导，思为主攻，练为主线，让学生在学习中参与，参与中学习。思、看、读、做、听、议、写、评，在教师指导下，交错进行，步步深入。三同步是知识，方法、能力同步走。
教师的备课，讲课、辅导，学生的领会、理解、记忆，都要把能力提高、智力开发当做基础工程去抓。同时做好习题分类、归档工作。海水舀不尽，习题做不完，但类型总有限，抓住典型，举一反三，触类旁通，在堂上就把知识落在实处，多给学生方法，从能力上，素质上解决问题，提高做题效益，减轻学生课业负担。
例如动量守恒定律是重点知识，也是难点知识，在教师启发引导下，从推导到理解、应用定律完全都让学生动脑想，动口议，动手练，这样就会理解透彻，记忆牢固，应用自如。学生越学越会学，越学越爱学。搞清了，弄懂了，课下做题时间短，课业负担就会减轻。
开展多种活动减轻学生心理负担
学生对物理有畏难情绪，特别是讨论题、证明题、设计题更使他们心有余悸。
我们一改传统的讲学式，开展多种活动，学生学得生动活泼，学得有味有趣，变要我学为我要学。组织摄影组、航模组、家电维修组、板报组、小制作小组等，第一课堂打基础，第二课堂展才华。让他们在大海中学会游泳，在实践中增长才干。同时定期举行小型竞赛，物理学史实笔赛，基本概念抢答赛，物理规律猜谜赛，新型设计实验赛。让每个同学在不同场合多露脸，多闪光，以成功激情趣，减轻学生心理负担。
高考模式下思想政治课教学的几点思考与对策
[内容摘要] 高考“3+X”模式及其命题指导思想的转变，给思想政治课教学带来新的机遇和挑战。探索“3+X”模式下的思想政治课教学：转变教学观念，探索开放性教学模式；夯实学科基础，构建“综合”体系；注重学生创造性思维能力的培养；旨在促进政治课教学的实效，提高学生的综合素质。
[关键词] “3+X” 学科内综合 跨学科综合 创造性思维能力 综合素质
随着知识经济时代的来临，未来社会对人才智能结构提出了更高的要求，更注重学科之间的渗透、交叉、综合，以发展人的综合素质、创造能力。正是基于人才质量的要求以及对人才培养机制特别是对基础教育的现状分析，教育部在全国高校招收保送生综合能力测试有益尝试基础上，提出了设立“综合科目”，实行“3+X”高考的新思路。作为高考改革试点省份之一，我省今年将试行“3+X”模式。毫无疑问，“综合科目”的设立，既是对中学素质教育的促进与支持，同时也给思想政治课教学带来新的机遇和挑战。如何适应“综合科目”要求，更加有效地组织好本学科教学，促进学生全面发展，培养学生的创新意识和实践能力，提高综合素质，就成为思想政治课教研的一个新课题。为此，我们在教学实践中作了以下尝试和探索：
