搜索
31种解题方法让你考试无忧（12）
顺序不同现象异
化学上有一类反应，将A滴入B中与将B滴入A中现象往往不同，此即所谓：顺序不同现象异。
●难点磁场
请试做下列题目，然后自我界定学习本篇是否需要。
向下列溶液中滴入硝酸银溶液，振荡，不产生白色沉淀，继续滴入硝酸银溶液，产生白色沉淀的是( )
A.NH3・H2O B.BaCl
●案例探究
[例题]下列四组溶液，不论如何滴加，反应现象一定相同的是________。
A.NaOH和CuSO4 B.Ca(OH)2与H3PO4
C.NaOH与AlCl3 D.NaAlO2与HCl
命题意图：考查学生对过量反应的认识。
知识依托：无机化学反应。
错解分析：将A滴入B中，A不足，B过量；将B滴入A中，B不足，A过量。A、B比例不同，反应原理和实验现象往往不同，对此认识不清，往往造成错解。
解题思路：逐项分析。
(1)不论NaOH过量，还是CuSO4过量，二者只按下式反应：
Cu2＋＋2OH－====Cu(OH)2↓
即过量的NaOH或CuSO4，都不与生成的Cu(OH)2反应。A可选。
(2)①将Ca(OH)2向H3PO4滴加，开始时H3PO4过量，生成可溶于水的Ca(H2PO4)2，至H3PO4消耗完毕。随着Ca(OH)2的不断增加，Ca(H2PO4)2中的H＋逐渐被中和掉，先后分别出现CaHPO4沉淀和Ca3(PO4)2沉淀。即开始不生成沉淀，后来生成沉淀。
将H3PO4向Ca(OH)2中滴加，开始时，Ca(OH)2过量，H3PO4被完全中和，生成Ca3(PO4)2沉淀，至Ca(OH)2消耗完毕。随着H3PO4的不断滴加，Ca3(PO4)2逐渐转化为CaHPO4，最后转化为可溶于水的Ca(H2PO4)2。即开始生成沉淀，后来沉淀溶解。B不可选。
(3)将NaOH(aq)滴入AlCl3(aq)中，开始产生沉淀，后来沉淀逐渐消失。将AlCl3(aq)滴入NaOH(aq)中，开始不产生沉淀，后来产生沉淀不消失。C不可选。
(4)将NaAlO2滴入稀盐酸中，开始无沉淀产生，后来产生沉淀不消失。将稀盐酸滴入NaAlO2溶液中，开始有白色沉淀产生，后来沉淀逐渐溶解。可见，D不可选。
答案：A
●锦囊妙计
顺序不同现象异，其实质是过量反应和连续反应的结果，做好过量分析是解决这类问题的关键：
将A溶液滴入B溶液中，开始时，A不足，B过量，A完全反应，B剩余。随着滴加的进行，B溶液将消耗殆尽。这时再滴入的A可能会与A、B反应的产物C反应。
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★)向下列溶液中滴入稀硫酸，生成白色沉淀，继续滴入稀硫酸，沉淀又溶解的是( )
A.Na2SiO3 B.BaCl2 C.FeCl3 D.NaAlO2
2.(★★★★)向下列一定浓度溶液中滴入氢氧化铁胶体，没有红褐色沉淀产生，继续滴入氢氧化铁胶体，产生红褐色沉淀的是( )
A.H2SO4 B.Na2SO4 C.HCl D.C2H5OH
3.(★★★★)一定浓度的下列溶液中滴入蛋白质溶液，产生沉淀，再滴入蒸馏水，沉淀不溶解的是( )
A.Na2SO4 B. (NH4)2SO4 C. Pb(Ac)2 D.HNO3(△)
4.(★★★★★)已知，向Zn2＋溶液中滴加氨水，生成Zn(OH)2白色沉淀；但是氨水过量时，沉淀又溶解，生成了Zn(NH3)
。此外，Zn(OH)2既可溶于盐酸，也可溶于过量NaOH溶液中，生成ZnO
，所以Zn(OH)2是一种两性氢氧化物。
现有4组离子，每组有2种金属离子。请各选用1种试剂，将它们两者分开，可供选用的试剂有：
A.硫酸 B.盐酸 C.硝酸 D.氢氧化钠溶液 E.氨水 请填写下表：(填写时用字母代号)
离子组
选用的试剂(代号)
沉淀物的化学式
保留在溶液中的离子
(1)Zn2＋和Al3＋
(2)Zn2＋和Mg2＋
(3)Zn2＋和Ba2＋
(4)Fe3＋和Al3＋
辽宁省营口市2009届高三高考模拟考试
英语试卷
本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，共12页。满分120分。考试时间100分钟。
注意事项：
1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷、答题纸及答题卡上，并把答题卡上准考证号对应的位置，用2B铅笔涂黑。座位号填写在答题纸第2页右上角指定位置。
2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号，答在试题卷上无效。
3. 非选择题用蓝或黑色笔答在答题纸的答题区域内，答在试题卷上无效。
4. 考试结束，请将本试题卷、答题纸和答题卡一并上交。
第Ⅰ卷
（选择题共55题，共85分）
第一部分 英语知识运用 （共两节，满分45分）
第一节 单项填空 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1. All our efforts will certainly lead to ________ more peaceful and more advanced world, _______ place where everyone enjoys his life and freedom.
A. the, a B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the
2.---Sorry ,Ann . I’m afraid that I can’t go to the magic show by David Copperfield with you.
---________Who knows when he will be back here next time?
A. It doesn’t matter. B. Do as you like.
C. What a shame! D. Take it easy.
3. My daughter is really _______QQ these days. She spends hours on it every day.
A. into B. up C. onto D. with
4.Good advertisements may well ________the consumers’ emotional needs as well as providing information.
A. refer to B. see to C. turn to D. lead to
5---Hi, David! How was your trip to
---Wonderful. I have never had _______ in my life.
A. a most exciting holiday B. a more exciting holiday
C. the most excited holiday D. the more excited holiday
6. Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky he ______ hurt himself badly.
A. might B. would C. could have D. should have
7. ________ words do a better job of describing what it’s like to be a high school student than “ pressure”.
A. Few B Many C. Some D. Little
8. If you want to know the train schedule, please _______ at the booking office.
A. inquire B. acquire C. require D. request
9. It really seemed ages _______ the police came on the scene and cleared away the damaged cars.
A. before B. after C. when D. as
10. Many American high school students _______ after-school jobs to make money and get a little bit more independence from their parents.
A. take in B. take off C. take on D. take over
11. William Beebe, one of the first men ______ the depth of the sea in a bathysphere, got interested in oceanography because of one book.
A. exploring B. having exploring
C. to be exploring D. to explore
12. -----Eric, you didn’t travel by train?
-----I ________, but then I decided to go by car instead; it was more convenient.
A. was going to B. didn’t C had to D. wouldn’t
13. I don’t think there is any sense listening to whatever you say ______ I don’t see things the way you do.
A. as if B. even if C. in case D. now that
14. Everyone has a unique character, and a place _______ truly suits him or her.
A. who B. what C. where D. that
15. I had been told that she was really nice but she was ______ nice when I met her.
A. anything but B. something but
C. nothing but D. everything but
第二节 完型填空 （ 共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分 ）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从16―35各题所给的四个选项（A、 B、 C和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Sometimes people call each other “scared-cat”, but have you ever thought about this expression? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood- stream.
Although the cat doesn’t 16 this, its body is getting ready for action.
If the danger continues, this animal will do one of the two things. It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.
18 , when people are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions, our bodies also go through many 19 changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves 20 run.
Human beings, 21 , have a problem that animals never face. If we give way to our feelings and let them 22 , we can get into trouble. Have you ever said something in anger, or hit somebody and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn’t always 24 to express your feelings freely.
Does this mean that it’s smarter always to 25 our feelings? No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 . Physical illnesses can develop. It can actually be 28 for your health.
Feelings that you keep all bottled up inside, don’t just 29 . It’s like you bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard. You might not be able to see them, but 30 you’d smell them. And if you opened the cupboard, you’d 31 little fruit flies hovering (盘旋) all over them. They’d be rotten.
You can try to treat emotions 32 they were bananas in the cupboard. You can 33 they don’t exist, but they’ll still be 34 . And at last you’ll have to 35 them. Just like those bananas.
16. A. mind B. admit C. realize D. remember
17. A. save B. help C. defend D. hide
18. A. Truly B. Frequently C. Similarly D. Differently
19. A. chemical B. physical C. health D. ill
20. A. and B. or C. but D. yet
21. A. therefore B. but C. besides D. however
22. A. take off B. take on C. take over D. take up
23. A. wished B. hoped C. blamed D. shared
24. A. useful B. right C. easy D. wise
25. A. handle B. hurt C. hide D. prevent
26. A. keep B. find C. control D. let
27. A. relaxed B. tense C. same D. different
28. A. good B. harmful C. helpful D. useful
29. A. go away B. go on C. go up D. go out
30. A. long before B. as usual C. before long D. right away
31. A. meet B. observe C. catch D. see
32. A. as if B. just as C. just after D. even though
33. A. pretend B. expect C. decide D. assume
34. A. in B. around C. over D. beyond
35. A. eat up B. deal with C. throw away D. send out
第二部分 阅读理解 （共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分 ）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Time out, extra chores and taking away privileges are more useful forms of disciplining (惩戒)naughty children than spanking or hitting, according to a study on Wednesday.
About 94 percent of parents use some form of physical punishment to teach their two-year-olds right from wrong, according to research studies. But psychologists say it could lead to later emotional and behavioral problems.
Even children who were only spanked some of time are more likely to show signs of sadness or have less confidence.
“The key is to be fair and do the same thing each time. Doing something
like hitting a child that seems cruel at best doesn’t help and can put a child
at risk for problems,” said Dr Paul Frick, of the
“It is better to use other punishments,” he added.
The
use of physical punishment to teach children has long been debated. In
countries such as
Frick and his team, who studied the effects of physical punishment on 98 children, said they couldn’t find any positive effects. Some children learned more from the hitting than what the parent was trying to teach them.
“The key is to have a lot of different forms of punishment depending on the age of the child,” said Frick, who reported his findings in the Journal of Applied Child Psychology.
He recommended time out for younger children and taking away television and electronic toys for older children. Giving extra chores can also get the message across.
Other measures are at least as effective as physical punishment and have less harmful potential consequences.
The researchers kept children whom they thought were at risk of later conduct problems out of the test and an equal number of other children who acted as a control group, to study what measures would be most helpful.
They questioned the parents and the children about positive and negative parenting behavior including the use of physical punishment.
“We got it from both viewpoints,” said Frick.
He added that children on the receiving end of a hit can learn that when they are upset and angry they hit, rather than understanding their behavior was wrong and that they need to do better.
36. According to the passage, why did Dr Frick advise against physical punishment?
A. Because the children will learn their behavior is wrong in time.
B. Because the children may hit people as a solution to problems.
C. Because it is illegal to use physical punishment in certain countries.
D. Because parents think it’s the easiest way to teach kids right from wrong.
37. Which of the following punishments is NOT recommended by Frick and his team?
A. Taking away toys B. Not allowing watching TV
C. Switching TV channels D. Doing more housework.
38. What should be kept in mind when disciplining a kid?
A. How he or she usually behaves.
B. Tell them why they are punished.
C. Be fair and stick to the same principle.
D. Use different forms of punishment each time.
39. Which of the following statements would Dr Frick agree to?
A. Spanking often fails to get the message of the parents across.
B. Parents need to praise their children after disciplining them.
C. The older a kid is, the fewer forms of punishment there are.
D. Many parents use physical punishment because of their own parents.
40. What’s the purpose of the writer to write this article?
A. To debate if physical punishment is illegal.
B. To introduce how to deal with young kids.
C. To order parents not to spank young kids.
D. To talk about how to discipline young kids.
B
Jenny Bowen, an American living in
Bowen, a mother of two adopted
Chinese daughters, is the executive director of Half the Sky Foundation, an
organization which was founded in 1998 and aims to enrich the lives and improve
the prospects for orphaned children in
Bowen hopes that running with the
Olympic torch would help draw attention to the children in China. She will be
among 19,400 runners who carry the flame along an 85,000-mile, 130-day route
across five continents.
Like Bowen, the seven other non-Chinese
winners, including a German engineer and a Venezuelan graphic designer, live in
According to Olympic organizers, candidates (候选人) were selected based on an online vote, committee selection, their “ love of Chinese culture and history ” and devotion to “ communicating information of a real China to their native countries”. Each runner will carry the torch for 200 meters on Chinese soil.
41. According to the text, Jenny Bowen ____________.
A. is interested in Chinese sports
B. founded Half the Sky, an organization which aims to help Chinese orphans
C. has adopted 13,000 children during 10 years
D. loves Chinese culture and history
42. Bowen hopes that being a torch runner would help ____________.
A. collect educational tools, medical support, etc, for orphans
B. make Half the Sky Foundation well known
C. communicate information of
D. draw attention to orphans in
43. Which of the following about the 2008 torch relay is WRONG?
A. The contest for its runners is organized by Lenovo Group and China Daily.
B. It has eight foreign runners, including an American, a German and a Venezuelan.
C. It will be the longest relay with the most runners in Olympic history.
D. It will be an opportunity to
communicate information of a real
44. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. A
B. HAPPY LIFE OF A
C. DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE WELFARE INSTITUTIONS.
D. THE LONGEST TORCH RELAY IN OLYMPIC HISTORY.
45. After reading the passage, we can infer that it is a(n) ____________.
A. biography B. argument C. newspaper D. advertisement
C
On Web sites across the Internet, people can access a variety of information about you. It’s in your interest to be aware of your online reputation and to take the necessary actions to make it what you want it to be.
The first step in protecting or improving your online reputation is to find out what information is already posted on the Internet and to assess the impression it leaves on people. Follow these tips to monitor and evaluate your online reputation:
Play the name game. Begin by typing your first and last name into several popular search engines to see where you are mentioned and in what context.
Example:
Robin Counts
Focus your search. To get more precise (精确的) results, put quotation marks around your name, so that the search engine reads your name as a phrase and not as two or more unrelated words that just happen to appear in the text.
Example:
“Robin Counts”
Search all of your names. If you have ever used a different name, if you use your middle name or initial, if you use a nickname, or if your name is frequently misspelled, search all variations to make sure you don’t miss anything important.
Example:
“Robin Counts”
“Robin J. Counts”
“Robin Counts Jensen”
Be strategic. If your search turns up information about other people who share your name, you can eliminate (消除) many false hits by using keywords. You can add keywords that apply only to you; for example your city, your employer, or a hobby.
Example:
“Robin Counts” “Woodgrove Bank”
“Robin counts”----skydiving
Go blogging. If any of your friends, family members or coworkers have blogs or personal Web pages on social networking sites, check them out from time to time to see if they are writing about you or posting pictures of you.
Be alert. Use the feature provided by some search engines that enables you to receive automatic notification (通知) of any new mention of your name or other personal information.
46.The passage mainly gives us advice on _____________.
A. how to google ourselves
B. how to monitor our online reputation
C. how to use different search engines
D. how to protect our online reputation
47. If you put quotation marks around your name when you search online, you will ____________.
A. get general information about yourself
B. still get other people’s information
C. get only your information
D. get most information about others
48. Which is the correct way to search if you want to eliminate many false hits?
A. “Jim Allan Green ” B. Jim Green
C. “Jim Green” D. “Jim Green”---gardening.
49. You are advised to go blogging to _______________.
A. have a better communication with your friends and family members
B. check out how popular you are with your friends and relatives
C. check out if others are writing about you or posting pictures of you
D. ask others not to disclose your personal information and picture
50. The feature provided by some search engines can help you to ___________.
A. prevent any new mention of your name or other personal information
B. find out any new mention of your name or other personal information.
C. know quickly any new mention of your name or other personal information
D. stop the spread of any new mention of your name or other personal information
D
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the use of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization (最佳化) compare the actual decision made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format (格式) that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the relevant considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges (出现) as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多方面的)，there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?” A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year. A decision-making worksheet begins with a concise statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that lead to successful career?”
51.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
B. A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.
C. Research on how people make decisions.
D. Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.
52. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
A. Listing the consequences of each solution.
B. Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
C. Deciding which consequences are most important.
D. Writing down all possible solutions.
53. According to decision-making worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that _____________________.
A. has the fewest variables to consider
B. uses the most decision worksheets
C. has the most points assigned to it
D. is agreed to by the greatest number of people
54. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of _____________.
A. describing a process
B. classifying types of worksheets
C. providing historical background
D. explaining a theory
55. The author states that “On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once” to explain that _____________________.
A. most decisions involve seven steps
B. human mental capacity has limitations
C. some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
D. people can keep more then seven ideas in their minds with practice
第 II 卷
（非选择题 共35分）
第三部分 书面表达 （共二节，满分35分）
第一节：阅读表达（4个小题，前2个小题各2分，后2个小题各3分，共10分）
阅读下面的短文，请根据文后的要求答题（请注意后面的词数要求）。
People in the
Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June.
Mother’s Day was proclaimed (宣布) a day for national observance by President
Woodrow Wilson in 1915. Ann Jarvis from
In 1909, Mrs Dodd from Spokane, Washington, thought of the
idea of a day to honor fathers. She wanted to honor her own father, William
Smart. After her mother died, he had the responsibility of raising a family of
five sons and a daughter. In 1910, the first father’s Day was observed in
These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care.
These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery(墓地). On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues(烧烤) for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.
Another tradition is to give cards and gifts. Children make them in school. Many people make their own presents. These are valued more than the ones bought in stores. It is not the value of the gift that is important, but is the thought that counts. Greeting card stores, florists(花店), candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies, and other stores do a lot of business during these holidays.
1. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
If a person wears a red carnation, it shows that the mother is still living.
2. Which sentence is main sentence of the fifth paragraph? (Please answer within 10 words)
3. What day is Mother’s Day ?
4. Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese.
第二节：写作（共1题，满分25分）
我国运动健儿在2008年北京奥运会上取得了优异成绩，全国为之沸腾。
“与奥运冠军共成长”已成为全国青少年的热门话题。请就下表中的内容写一篇英语短文。
注意：1.对所给要点不要逐条翻译，要有适当发挥；
2.词数：120左右。短文开头已为你写好，不计入总数；
3.参考词汇：追求 pursue
奥运冠军的共同点
1. 全力以赴，追求卓越；
2. 尊重他人，文明参赛；
3. 面对失败，永不言弃。
如何做生活中的冠军
1. 明确目标，奋勇向前；
2. 心态平和，诚信待人。
你的观点
……
Our athletes have made many achievements in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,
英语答案
1.-----5 CCABB 6-----10 CAAAC 11-----15 DADDA
16-----20 CCCBB 21-----25 DCADC 26-----30 ABBAC
31-----35 DAABB
36-----40 BCCAD 41-----45 DDCAC 46-----50 BBDCC 51-----55 ADCAB
卷II
1.A red one symbolizes a living mother.
2.These two special days are celebrated in many different ways.
3.The second Sunday in May is Mother’s day.
4.礼物的贵贱并不重要，重要的是对父母的心意。
A possible version
Our athletes have made many achievements in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, which makes all the Chinese excited. Now how to grow up along with Olympic Champions has become a hot topic.
As we know, the Olympic Champions have much in common. First, they go all out to be excellent. Second, they treat others with respect and behave well during the games. Third, faced with one failure after another, they never give up.
How can we become a champion in real life? For one thing, we must set a clear goal, which will inspire us to pursue what we want. For another, a good state of mind is one of the key factors in success. Certainly, it’s very important for us to be sincere to others.
As middle school students, we must learn to deal with stress and build up self-confidence. Besides, we should treasure friendship and try to concentrate on our goals all the time.
本资料由《七彩教育网》www.7caiedu.cn 提供！
31种解题方法让你考试无忧（11）
浓度不同产物异
化学上有许多产物，跟反应物浓度关系密切。鉴于高考常据此设计难题，本篇总结了这些反应。
●难点磁场
请试做下列题目，然后自我界定学习本篇是否需要。
(1)计算HNO3被还原的物质的量；
(2)计算合金中银的质量分数。
●案例探究
[例题]38.4 mg铜跟适量浓硝酸反应，铜全部作用后，共收集到气体22.4 mL(标准状况)，反应消耗HNO3的物质的量可能是
C.2.20×10－3 mol D.2.40×10－3 mol
(忽视NO2与N2O4的相互转化)
命题意图：考查学生对反应条件――浓度变化时产物种类变化的认识。属化学教学中要求具备的能力。
知识依托：Cu与浓、稀HNO3的反应。
错解分析：忽视了Cu与稀HNO3的反应，就会错选D；只运用Cu与稀HNO3反应解题，就会错选B。
解题思路：随着反应的进行，硝酸的浓度逐渐变小，产生的气体可能是纯净的NO2，也可能是NO2和NO的混合物。
n(Cu)=38.4
mg÷
n(g)=22.4
mL÷
这样，发生的反应可能是下列①一个，也可能是①②两个：
①Cu＋4HNO3(浓)====Cu(NO3)2＋2NO2↑＋2H2O
②3Cu＋8HNO3(稀)====3Cu(NO3)2＋2NO↑＋4H2O
于是，本题有以下多种解法。
方法1(极值法)：若产生的气体全部是NO2，由化学方程式①得：
n(HNO3)=4n(Cu)=0.600 mmol×4=2.40 mmol
n(NO2)=2n(Cu)=0.600 mmol×2=1.20 mmol
V(NO2)=1.20
mmol×
可见，气体不全是NO2。
若产生的气体全部是NO，由化学方程式②得：
n(HNO3)=8/3n(Cu)=0.600 mmol×8/3=1.60 mmol
n(NO)=2/3n(Cu)=0.600 mmol×2/3=0.400 mmol
V(NO2)=0.400
mmol×
由于气体是NO2和NO的混合物，8.96 mL＜V(g)＜26.9 mL，
所以1.60 mmol＜n(HNO3)＜2.40
mmol，
观察备选项可知答案。
方法2(守恒法)：根据反应前后N原子守恒和Cu原子守恒得：
n(HNO3)=n[Cu(NO3)2]×2＋n(NO2)＋n(NO) (N原子守恒)
=n(Cu)×2＋n(NO2)＋n (NO) (Cu原子守恒)
=0.600 mmol×2＋1.00 mmol
=2.20 mmol
方法3(写总反应方程式法)：设生成NO2的物质的量为x，则题设条件下的总反应为：
0.6Cu＋2.2HNO3====0.6Cu(NO3)2＋xNO2↑＋(1－x)NO↑＋1.1H2O
先写出反应物和生成物以及Cu、NO2和NO的化学计量数，再根据Cu原子守恒和N原子守恒得出Cu(NO3)2和HNO3的化学计量数，H2O的化学计量数可根据N原子守恒而得出(因与结果无关也可不算出)。
根据方程式及有效数字的运算规则，可知参加反应的HNO3物质的量为2.20 mmol。
方法4(平均分子式法)：设HNO3还原产物的平均分子式为NOx，则：
n(Cu)∶n(NOx)=0.600 mmol∶1.00 mmol=3∶5
Cu与HNO3的总反应方程式为：
3Cu＋11HNO3====3Cu(NO3)2＋5NOx↑＋？H2O
先写出反应物和生成物及Cu和NOx的化学计量数3和5，再根据Cu原子守恒和N原子守恒分别得出Cu(NO3)2和HNO3的化学计量数3和11，H2O的化学计量数因与结果无关可不算出，则：
n(HNO3)=11/3n(Cu)=0.600 mmol×11/3=2.20 mmol
答案：C
变式1：去掉备选项，将问题改为：求还原产物NO2和NO的物质的量之比，其他同例题，试解之。
解题思路：在前面“方法4”的基础上得到下式：
3Cu＋11HNO3====3Cu(NO3)2＋5NOx＋5.5H2O
根据O原子守恒得：
33=18＋5x＋5.5
x=1.9
即NOx为NO1.9。用十字交叉法：
V(NO2)∶V(NO)=9∶1
答案：9∶1
变式2：若例题条件下Cu与HNO3恰好完全反应，二者皆无剩余，欲求开始生成NO时HNO3溶液的浓度，还缺少的条件是________(用必要的文字和字母b表示)，开始生成NO时HNO3溶液的浓度为________(请写最后结果)。
解题思路：据变式1解题思路得：
V(NO2)=1.00 mmol×
=0.900 mmol
V(NO)=0.100 mmol
生成NO消耗HNO3的物质的量可求：
8HNO3(稀)~2NO↑
8 2
n(HNO3) 0.100 mmol
n(HNO3)=0.400 mmol
欲求0.400 mmol HNO3的浓度，须知HNO3(aq)的体积――b：
c(HNO3)=
答案：开始生成NO时HNO3(aq)的体积b 4.00×10－4 mol/b
●锦囊妙计
当化学反应进行时，反应物不断被消耗。随反应的进行，反应物浓度不断改变，①有的会造成产物的不同。如，过量Cu放入少量浓HNO3中，开始生成的气体是NO2，后来生成的气体是NO；很稀的HNO3溶液与活泼金属反应还会有H2生成(非信息题可不考虑)。再如，过量活泼金属(如Zn)与少量浓H2SO4的反应，开始时生成的气体是SO2，后来生成的气体是H2。②有的反应不再发生。如，过量Cu与少量浓H2SO4的反应，随反应的进行，浓H2SO4变成了稀H2SO4，Cu与稀H2SO4不再发生反应。再如，过量MnO2与少量浓盐酸的反应，随反应的进行，浓盐酸变成稀盐酸，不再与MnO2发生氧化还原反应。③有些本来不能发生的反应，后来能够进行。如稀H2SO4溅在衣服上，水分蒸发后，变成浓H2SO4，也就能使布料脱水炭化。
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★)向50 mL 18 mol・L－1 H2SO4溶液中加入足量的铜片并加热，充分反应后，被还原H2SO4的物质的量( )
A.小于0.45 mol B.等于0.45 mol
C.在0.45 mol和0.90
mol之间 D.大于0.90 mol
2.(★★★★)
3. (★★★★)
为________mol。
4.(★★★★★)使一定量锌与100 mL 18.5 mol・Ｌ－1浓H2SO4充分反应，锌完全溶解，同时生成标准状况下气体33.6 Ｌ。将反应后溶液稀释，测得其pH=1.0。
求：(1)生成气体的成分及体积(假设浓H2SO4与Zn反应还原产物只生成SO2)；
(2)锌的质量；
(3)开始生成H2时H2SO4的浓度(假设溶液体积无变化)。
辽宁省营口市2009届高三高考模拟考试
语文试卷
本试卷分为第I卷和第II卷，共8页。满分150分。考试时间为150分钟。
注意事项：
1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷、答题纸及答题卡上，并把答题卡上准考证号对应的位置，用2B铅笔涂黑。座位号填写在答题纸第2页右上角指定位置。
2. 第Ⅰ卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号，答在试题卷上无效。
3. 第Ⅱ卷各题用蓝或黑色笔答在答题纸的答题区域内，答在试题卷上无效。
4. 考试结束，请将本试题卷、答题纸和答题卡一并上交。
第I卷
（选择题共11题 每小题3分 共33分）
一.选择题（15分，每小题3分。本题共5小题，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）
1.下列词语中加点字的读音完全相同的一组是
A.屏蔽 屏弃 天然屏障 孔雀开屏
B.处境 处理 处心积虑 处之泰然
C.臭氧 铜臭 遗臭万年 臭味相投
D.否定 否则 不置可否 否极泰来
2.下列各组词语中，有两个错别字的一组是
A.唇枪舌剑 名燥一时 察颜观色 一年之季在于春
B.精神矍烁 沉疴固疾 人才倍出 文武之道，一张一驰
C.鸠占雀巢 犄角之势 跻身上流 万事具备，只欠东风
D.戮力同心 功亏一匮 张慌失措 桃李不言，下自成蹊
3.下列各句中，加点的成语使用正确的一项是
A.猜灯谜时，常常会出现这种情况：你已知道该谜的猜法，并似乎也抓住了谜底某个字词，却屡试不爽。
B.对外国观众来讲，京剧舞台上那种木头刀枪稀松一碰，口中一吆喝就打了一仗，简直不可理喻。
C.事实说明，传统文化并非明日黄花，而是与今天和未来息息相关。
D.在物种生命的链条上，任何一种生物的灭绝都会给世界带来不可思议的后果。
4.下列各句中没有语病的一项是
A.滥用外来语所造成的支离破碎的语境，既破坏了汉语言文字的严谨与和谐，影响了汉语表意功能的发挥，也消解了中国文化精深而丰富的内涵。
B.适度的自我评价，实际上是把心理之船停泊在一个平静的“码头”，而超过个人实际的高目标，则容易导致心理失衡的负担。
C.目前的中国足球人才短缺，竞争机制难以完善，个别队员恃才无恐，出现了职业道德与收入没有同步增长的怪现象。
D.现在很多行人对于闯红灯的事是不以为然的，认为只要没有汽车通过，闯红灯没什么关系。
5.填入下面横线处的句子，与上下文衔接最恰当的一组是
曾宪梓先生对中国内地的总捐资额超过四亿人民币。有人这样问他：“有钱快乐，还是没钱快乐？”
①我不算有钱 ②穷人有穷人的快乐，有钱人有有钱人的快乐 ③有钱不一定快乐 ④看你怎么用 ⑤但是我把钱用在有益的事业上
A. ①③②④⑤ B. ①⑤②③④
C. ③②④①⑤ D. ②③④①⑤
二. 阅读下面的文字，完成6―8题。（9分）
鸿雁在中国古代诗词中的审美意蕴
在中国古代诗词中，鸿雁作为审美对象，具有丰富的美学意蕴。
鸿雁是随阳之鸟，它虽然在季节和环境的渲染下带有“秋”的意象，但它与蟋蟀、鸣蝉等秋虫之美仍有所不同。听秋虫之浅吟低唱，不免产生物华将近的寂寥之感，看鸿雁之布阵南征，则令人心胸开阔，精神振奋。“秋色萧条，秋容有红蓼；秋风拂地，万籁也寥寥。惟见宾鸿，冲入在秋空里，任逍遥”，便是对鸿雁这一美学特征的生动把握。鸿雁是健飞之鸟，翅膀拍动时频率适中，沉雄有力，不似鹰鹞之猛悍桀骜，也不似鹤鹭之轻灵飘忽，而是给人以坚忍强劲的审美感受。在风频雨骤的春日或霜寒月冷的秋夜，当鸿雁结阵翱翔，引吭嘹唳、雄姿勃勃地掠过长空时，人们的这种审美感受就更加明显、强烈。鸿雁迁徙时常汇集成数十只、上百只的大群，在天空中列队飞翔。“蜃楼百尺横沧海，雁字一行书绛霄”；“白犬吠风惊雁起，犹能一一旋成行。”鸿雁这种行序整齐的飞行特征，使中国古代文人们赞叹不已。鸿雁健飞，且性情机警，南征北返时，中途很少停歇，人们能看到竦峙树端的鹰、栖息房梁的燕、兀立江滩的鹤鹭，却很难看到静态的鸿雁。在中国古代诗词歌赋中，鸿雁大都以动态出现，鸿雁翔姿优美，亦刚亦柔，曹植的《洛神赋》中就有“翩若惊鸿，矫若游龙”之语。鸿雁南迁阵容非常壮观，在朔风凛冽、尘沙蔽日的秋冬之际，当一群群大雁雄姿勃勃地掠过长空时，亦能唤起古人雄浑悲壮的审美感受，这种感受对于边塞诗人来说，尤为强烈。“雁来惨淡沙场外，月出苍茫云海间。”借秋空雁阵渲染沙场征战的雄浑悲壮之貌。
在中国古代诗词中，托物言志与借景抒情是一个有机的统一体，两者不可截然分割，而对“雁”意象群的发掘，即能较好的说明这一问题。在中国古代咏雁诗词中，既有侧重“言志”的诗词，也有侧重抒情的诗词，但数量最多的还是抒情与言志有机结合、互为渗透的诗词。中国美学中的“景中情”与“情中景”互相联系又各具特征。巧于诗者或“景中情”，或“情中景”；神于诗者则情不虚情，景非滞景，情景互生，妙合无垠。这三种审美移情层次在中国古代咏雁诗中均能找到例证。
6.下面对鸿雁习性特征所体现的相应的审美意蕴概括不恰当的一项是
A.鸿雁起飞以及飞行时，翅膀拍动，沉雄有力，给人以坚忍强劲的审美之感。
B.鸿雁迁徙时行序整齐，符合中国人喜欢整齐划一的审美情趣，能激发人们团结奋进的热忱。
C.鸿雁健飞，且性情机警，迁徙中很少停歇，使人们很容易联想到对光明与温暖的追求。
D.鸿雁飞翔时，常汇集数十只、上百只，其阵容相当壮观，容易引起人们无限的遐想。
7.文章最后一段中“这三种审美移情层次”指的是
A.①托物言志；②借景抒情；③托物言志与借景抒情相结合。
B.①托物言志与借景抒情相结合；②“景中情”和“情中景”；③情不虚情，景非滞景。
C.①景中情；②情中景；③情景互生。
D.①“景中情”和“情中景”；②情不虚情，景非滞景；③情景互生。
8.根据原文提供的信息，以下说法不正确的一项是
A.在古代文学作品中，秋虫的审美基调一般表现为凄清低婉，鸿雁的审美基调则主要表现为辽阔高远。
B.中国古代对联常以“飞鸿”对“奔马”、“冥鸿”对“隐豹”、“摩天鸿”对“闹海蛟”，主要体现了古人的“亦刚亦柔”、“雄浑悲壮”的审美感受。
C.鸿雁列队飞翔时，“人”字形与“一”字形之间不断更替，动荡中呈现出鲜明的回旋往复之美。
D.情景互生，物我难辨，天人合一的艺术境界是中国古代诗词创作的最高美学境界，古人的咏雁诗不乏其例。
三. 阅读下面文言文，完成9―11题。（9分）
黄友字龙友，温州平阳人。少不羁，十五入太学，语同辈曰：“大丈夫不能为国立功，亦造化中赘物耳。”因投笔西游。边帅刘法一见奇之，延致门下。会西鄙军哄，都护高永年战没，友作七诗哀其忠。其后幕府奏功，没永年之实，恤典不及。其子以友诗进，徽宗览之恻然，遂加赠谥。友亦免省试，登进士第，调永嘉、瑞安二县主簿，摄华阴令，有政声。方腊窃发，友同诸将收复，所至披靡。婺寇复作，守留友摄兵曹，为殄灭计。友请往谕之，既次浦江，贼望风解去。复单骑次武义，贼众持钉一?置其前，友正色叱之曰：“汝等何速死耶？”贼首李德壮之，亟麾退，一境贴然，婺人图像祀之。通判檀州。会金人败盟，郭药师以常胜军叛，燕土响应，友独领数千人与之战，躬冒矢石，破裂唇齿。钦宗即位，制置使詹度奏友久服武事，筹略过人。丞相何栗从而荐之，召对，问友唇齿破裂状，为之称叹，赍予甚渥。进直徽猷阁、制置司参谋官，同种师中解太原围。友遣兵三千夺榆次，得粮万余斛。明日，大军进榆次十里而止，友亟白师中：“地非利，将三面受敌。”论不合，友仰天叹曰：“事去矣！”迨晓，兵果四合，矢石如雨，敌益以铁骑，士卒奔溃。敌执友谓曰：“降则赦汝。”友厉声曰：“男儿死耳！”遂遇害。帝书“忠节传家”四字旌其闾，官其后八人。友体貌英伟，胆雄万夫，谋画机密，出人意表。尝语子弟曰：“天下承平日久，武事玩弛，万一边书告警，马革裹尸，乃吾素志。他日收吾骸，足心黑子为识也。”其忠诚许国根于天性如此。
（选自《宋史・忠义列传》）
9.对下列句子中加点的词的解释，正确的一项是
A.亦造化中赘物耳 赘物：苟且偷生的人
B.其后幕府奏功 奏功：平叛获得成功
C.婺人图像祀之 图像：画(黄友的)像
D. 会金人败盟 败盟：破坏宋军联盟
10.下列各句分别编为四组，全都表明黄友胆识过人的一组是
①都护高永年战没，友作七诗哀其忠
②方腊窃发，友同诸将收复，所至披靡
③友请往谕之，既次浦江，贼望风解去
④复单骑次武义，贼众持钉一?置其前，友正色叱之
⑤燕土响应，友独领数千人与之战
⑥友遣兵三千夺榆次，得粮万余斛
A.①②④ B.②③⑥ C.①⑤⑥ D.③④⑤
11.下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是
A.黄友少年时为人豪放，无所拘束，小小年纪就胸怀报国壮志，放弃了学业来到西部边境，寻找为国立功的机会。
B.黄友在镇压方腊和婺州贼寇的过程中，充分施展谋略，他所到之处，百姓纷纷前来欢迎，而贼寇全都逃散了。
C.黄友同种师中一起领兵去解太原之围，开始打了个胜仗，后来由于种师中不听劝告，致使宋军遭围攻而溃败。
D.黄友见天下太平已久，军备轻忽松懈，预感到边境将有战事发生，于是早就有了战死沙场、为国捐躯的志向。
第II卷
（非选择题，包括必考题和选考题，共11题，117分）
四.（24分）
12．将第I卷文言文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。（10分）
（1）友亟白师中：“地非利，将三面受敌。”（5分）
（2）他日收吾骸，足心黑子为识也。（5分）
13．阅读下面一首唐诗，回答问题。（8分）
秋 思 张籍
洛阳城里见秋风，欲作家书意万重。 复恐匆匆说不尽，行人临发又开封。
（1）秋风无形，何以用“见”？谈谈你的理解。（4分）
（2）王安石评价张籍的诗时说“看似寻常最奇崛”。本诗有一处成功的细节描写，正体现了王安石的这一评价。请你找出来，并结合全诗作简要分析。(4分)
14.补写出下列名句名篇中的空缺部分。（6分）
①乱石穿空， ， 。（苏轼《赤壁怀古》）
②老当益壮，宁移白首之心？ ， 。（王勃《滕王阁序》）
③ ，两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死， 。（杜甫《蜀相》）
五.（11分）
15.给下面一则新闻拟写标题。（4分）
31种解题方法让你考试无忧（10）
等质混与等体混
两种同溶质溶液等质量混合，特别是等体积混合，质量分数如何判定有一定难度。本篇可以把这一难点化易。
●难点磁场
请试做下列题目，然后自我界定学习本篇是否需要。
密度为
A.等于12.5% B.大于 12.5%
C.小于 12.5% D.无法确定
●案例探究
［例题］把
70% HNO3(密度为
命题意图：主要考查学生对质量分数的认识和变换前提下的估算能力。
知识依托：有关质量分数的计算。
错解分析：审题不严，自以为是将两液体等质量混合，从而误选 A项；解题过程中思维反向，也会误选 B项。
解题思路：本题有以下两种解法。
方法1(条件转换法)：先把“等体积”看作“等质量”，则等质量混合后溶液中 HNO3 的质量分数为：
w混=
=35%
而等体积混合时水的质量小于 HNO3(aq) 的质量，则等体积混合相当于先进行等质量混合，然后再加入一定量的密度大的液体，这里是 70% 的 HNO3(aq)，故其质量分数大于 35%。
方法2(数轴表示法)：(1)先画一数轴，在其上标出欲混合的两种液体中溶质的质量分数，并在两质量分数的对应点上标出两液体密度的相对大小。
|
，并在数轴上标示出来。
●锦囊妙计
两种同溶质液体(或某溶液与水)等质量混合时：
mL
个箭头所起的作用
3． R1、R2湖泊分布在不同的
图4为中哈石油管道
图5为某日大气热量收支状况和太阳高度变化图。图中数值分别表示北京时间和太阳高度，热量值从外圆到圆心由小到大。读图完成9～10题。
读图6，回答11题。
17. 右图为“全国农民家庭人均纯收入抽样统计曲线图”，出
A． 抵制国内极右势力
? A. 事物之间有其固有的客观联系
?
（4） 图8是“Q山冰川朝向玫瑰图”，它是把Q山脉总的冰川条数和面积分成100份，把其中4份作为一个长度和面积单位，按不同的方向绘制。依图指出Q山脉冰川分布最多的朝向，并简要说明其原因。 (6分)
